Principle of EE1

Lesson 2

Prof. Võ Văn Tới

School of Biomedical Engineering
Vice-Provost for Life and Health Science, Engineering and Technology Development
International University
Vietnam National Universities – HCMC
SIMPLE ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
 Contents
• Some definitions
• Kirchhoff’s current law
• Kirchhoff’s voltage law
• Series circuit
• Parallel circuit
• Arbitrary circuit
o Wheatstone bridge
o Δ to Y / Y to Δ conversion
 Some definitions
• Node
2V

8V C D
B 1Ω 6Ω
A
2Ω
10Ω 1A E 3A
12Ω
F
4
 • Branch: group of element
2V

8V
1Ω 6Ω

2Ω
10Ω 1A 3A
12Ω

5
• Loop: everything make a close circuit

2V

8V
1Ω 6Ω

2Ω
10Ω 1A 3A
12Ω

6
• Mesh: a loop but nothing content any
thing inside
2V

8V
1Ω 6Ω

2Ω
10Ω 1A 3A
12Ω

7
Kirchhoff’s Current law (deal with node)

1. ΣI = 0 or ΣIin = ΣIout
2. Convention: Sign + for current entering a node; sign – for
current leaving a node

I1 I3

I4
I2

3. I1 + I2 + I4 – I3 = 0
4. I1 + I2 + I4 = I3
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 Example
Find I3, I5, I6, VBE , VEC and VDC

I2
A B C

E D

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 Solution
Find I3
• Suppose that I3 goes upward
• KCL @ B: I1 + I3 + I7 = I2
=> I3 = I2 – I1 – I7
= 8 – 6 – 7 = – 5A
• Hence I3 = 5A I2
A B C

E D

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• Find I5
KCL @ D: I4 + I5 = I7
=> I5 = I7 – I4 = 7 – 4 = 3A
• Find I6
KCL @ C: I2 + I6 = I5
=> I6 = I5 – I2 = 3 – 8 = – 5A
I2
A B C

5A
=3A

E D
= – 5A
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Find VBE, VEC, VDC
• VBE = 2 X 5 = 10V
• VEC = 5 X (– 5)= – 25V
• V = V DE + V EC
DC

= – (4 X 3) + (– 25) = – 37 V
I2
A B C

5A
=3A

E D

= – 5A
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Kirchhoff’s Voltage law (deal with loop or mesh)

• Sum of voltage in a loop or mesh is zero: ΣV = 0

+ V2 - + V3 -
+ -
V1 V4
- +
+ V5 -

• – V1 + V2 + V3 – V4 –V5 = 0

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 Example
Label all polarities, voltages and write KVL
Solution:
-VAB + VAC + VCD + VDB = 0 or
VAB = VAC + VCD + VDB
Note:
Source’s voltage = sum of load’s voltages
A + VAC - C + VCD - D

+
VAB VDB

-
B
 Example
Find Ig and Vg

30Ω 2A

5Ω 30 Ω
A

100V Vg Ig 20 Ω

15 Ω
4A B 15
 Strategy to find Ig
• At B if we know I1, KCL will give us Ig ,
• I1 can be found if we know voltage across 20Ω;
• This voltage can be found from KVL of the big
loop
30Ω 2A

5Ω 30 Ω
A

100V Vg
I1
Ig 20 Ω

15 Ω
4A B 16
 Calculate Ig
• KVL of the big loop:
– 100 + (30x2) + V20 – (15x4) = 0 => V20 = 100V
• => I1 = 100/20 = 5A
• KCL @ B: Ig = 4 + 5 = 9A
+ 30Ω - 2A

5Ω 30 Ω
A

+
100V Vg
I1
Ig 20 Ω

-
+ 15 Ω -
4A B 17
 Strategy to find Vg
• In the small loop, if we know voltage across
30Ω, KVL will give us Vg
• This voltage can be found if we know the
current I2 through 30Ω
• This current can be found from KCL at A
+ 30Ω - 2A

I2
5Ω + 30 Ω - A

+
I1
100V Vg Ig 20 Ω

-
+ 15 Ω -
18
4A B
 Calculate Vg
• KCL @ A: I2 = I1 – 2 = 5 – 2 = 3A
• KVL of the small loop: – Vg + (30x3) + (20X5) = 0
=> Vg = 190V

+ 30Ω - 2A

I2
5Ω + 30 Ω - A

+
I1
100V Vg Ig 20 Ω

-
+ 15 Ω -
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4A B
Characteristics of Series Circuit
1. Same current through all elements
2. Everything in series with a current source has
that current value
3. Req = R1 + R2 +R3 + ….
4. Voltage divider circuit:

R1 V1 V1 = V
V¶
V1 = V’
1. RV21 = V V
. R21 / ΣR
V
V’ = V
R3

5. Must not connect current sources in series 20

 Example
Find Veq, Req, I and V25Ω

12V
6Ω 15Ω

4Ω
I
I 25Ω Veq Req
20V

10Ω 30Ω
3V
7V 10V

21
 • Σ V = – 20 – 12 + 10 + 7 = – 15V => Veq = 15V
• Req = 4 + 6 + 15 + 25 + 30 + 10 = 90Ω
• I = Veq / Req = 15/90 = 0.17A
• V25Ω = 0.17 X 25 = 4.25V

12V
6Ω 15Ω

4Ω I
I
25Ω Veq Req
20V

10Ω 30Ω
7V
3V 10V

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 Example
Design a circuit which has a source of 12V to run
a device working under 5V and having an
internal resistance of 10KΩ

12V 10KΩ 5V

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 Solution
We use voltage division principle

R1 =10KΩ V1 = V
V1 = 5V
12V
R2 R2 = R1 – R1 = (– 1) R1

R2 = (– 1) 10.103 = 14KΩ

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 Example
Find VAB and VA

A 7Ω
B

8Ω
8Ω 5Ω
A
B
10V 7Ω
10V
G 5Ω
G

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 Solution: VAB and VA

B
VAB = – 10 = – 4 V
I 8Ω
A
10 V VA = 10 = 6 V Or
7Ω

5Ω • VA = 10 – 4 = 6V
G
• VA = VAG = VAB + VBG = – 4 + 10 = 6V
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 Example
Given
• VA = – 2V
• VBC = 10V
• VD = 6V
Find: VAB, VCD and VC

180KŸ 220KŸ D
A B C

A 180KŸ 220KŸ
B C D

2V 10V 6V

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 Solution: VAB, VCD and VC
• Veq = 2 + 10 + 6 = 18V
• Req = (180 + 220) 103 = 400 x 103
• I = 18/400 x 103 = 45 x 10–6
• VAB = – 180x103 X 45x10–6 = – 8.1 V
• VCD = – 220x103 X 45x10–6 = – 9.9 V
• VCD = VC – VD
• => VC = VCD + VD = – 9.9 + 6 = – 3.9 V
A 180KŸ 220KŸ
B C D

2V
I
10V 6V Veq Req
I
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 Characteristics of Parallel Circuit
1. Same voltage across each element
2. Everything in parallel to a voltage source has
this voltage value
3. Itotal = I1 + I2 + I3 + …
4. 1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 +1/R3 + ….
5. If one resistor is 0 => Req = 0
I1 R1 R1
Itotal I2 R2
Itotal I R2

I3 R3 R3

I 29
 Characteristics of Parallel Circuit
1. Same voltage across each element
2. Everything in parallel to a voltage source has
this voltage value
3. Itotal = I1 + I2 + I3 + …
4. 1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 +1/R3 + ….
5. If one resistor is 0 => Req = 0
I1 R1 R1
Itotal I2 R2 I R2

I3 R3 R3

I 30
 Characteristics of Parallel Circuit (cont.)
I1 R1
6. Current divider circuit: I I2 R2
I1 = I / ( + + + …) I3 R3
7. For 2 resistors in parallel:
• Req =
I I1 I2
– If R1 = R2 => Req = R1 / 2 R1 R2
– If R1 = nR2 => Req =
• I1 = I and I2 = I

8. Must not connect voltage sources in parallel

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Example: Find I5 and I6

I1 I2
12V 3Ω 4Ω
I5 I6
I3 I4

24V 12Ω 8Ω

32
 Solution: Find I5 and I6
I1 = 12/3 = 4A
I2 = 12/4 = 3A
I3 = 24/12 = 2A
I4 = 24/8 = 3A
Find I6 I1 I2
12V
KCL @ A: I6 = I4 – I2 = 3 – 3 = 0 3Ω 4Ω

Find I5 I5 B I6 A
I3 I4
KCL @ B: I5 = I1 – I3 = 4 – 2 = 2A
24V 12Ω 8Ω

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 Arbitrary connection circuit
A 6Ω C 4Ω D 6Ω C
A

G G
12Ω 8Ω 12Ω 12Ω

B F E B F E

A 6Ω C

RAB = 6 + 6 = 12 Ω
G
6Ω
RAB = (4 + 8) // 12 + 6 = 12 Ω
B F
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 Arbitrary connection circuit
A 6Ω C 4Ω D C D
4Ω

G
12Ω 8Ω
12Ω 8Ω

B F E
F E
RAC = 6 Ω
RDE = (4 + 12) // 8 = 16/3 Ω
RCF = (4 + 8) // 12 = 6 Ω
RCD = (8 + 12) // 4 = 10/3 Ω
RFE = 0 Ω
RAG = ꚙ 35
 Example: Find I
A B B C C D

A R1 R2 A R3 R4 R5 D R6 R7 D

I
D
R1 R5

If all resistors = 30Ω A R2 B R4 C R6 D

R3 R7
RAB = 10Ω = RCD
Req = 50Ω 150V

I = 150/50 = 3A I
Current through:
• R4 = 3A, D
• All others is 1A 36
 Exercise: VAB, VAC, VBC, VDE
A 50Ω B A 50Ω B 50Ω
A B

200V 200V 200V

100Ω 100Ω

C
C C

VAB = VAC = 200V VAB = 0 VAB = 0

VBC = 0 VAC = VBC = 200V VBC = VAC = 200V
A 50Ω B 50Ω A 50Ω B
50Ω A B D
A B

200V 200V 200V

200V
300Ω 150Ω 150Ω
150Ω 300Ω

C C C C E C

VAB = 50 V VAB = 50V VAB = 50V VAB = VAC = 200V

VBC = 150V VBC = 150V VDE = VBC = 150V VBC = 0V 37
Example: Find Req, I1, I2 , I3 , I4 and VDC

50Ω 60Ω
A B C

I I1
I2 80Ω I3
60Ω
200V D
100Ω I4 40Ω
E
40Ω
80Ω 20Ω

K H F

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 Solution: Req, I
50Ω 60Ω A 50Ω B 100Ω C
A B C

I I1 I I1
I2 80Ω I3 I2 80Ω
60Ω D
200V D 200V I4 I3
100Ω I4 40Ω 100Ω
E E
40Ω 40Ω
20Ω 80Ω 80Ω
80Ω

F K H F
K H

50Ω 100Ω 50Ω

A B C A B H
A
I I1 I I1
I2 80Ω
I
200V I3
100Ω 200V
E 100Ω 50Ω 200V
50Ω
20Ω

H F
K H
K
Req = 50 Ω => I = 200/50 = 4A
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 Solution: I1, I2 , I3 , I4
50Ω 60Ω A 50Ω B 100Ω C
A B C

I I1 I I1
I2 80Ω I3 I2 80Ω
60Ω D
200V D 200V I4 I3
100Ω I4 40Ω 100Ω
E E
40Ω 40Ω
20Ω 80Ω 80Ω
80Ω

F K H F
K H
100Ω H
A 50Ω B C 50Ω A
A B

I I1 I I1 I
I2 80Ω

200V I3 200V
100Ω 200V 50Ω
E 100Ω 50Ω

20Ω

H F K
K H

I = 4A => I1 = 2A => I2 = 1A = I3
I4 = 1 [1/80] / [(1/40) + (1/80) + (1/80)] = 0.25A 40
 Solution: VDC
50Ω 60Ω
A B C

I I1
I2 80Ω I3
60Ω
200V D
100Ω I4 40Ω
E
40Ω
80Ω 20Ω

K H F

I = 4A, I1 = 2A, I2 = I3 = 1A, I4 = 0.25A

VDC = VDF + VFC
= (20 I4) – (40 I3)
= 20x0.25 – 40x1 = – 35V
I = 6A, I1 = 4A, I2 = I3 = I4 = 0A 41
 50Ω 60Ω
A B C

I I1
I2 80Ω I3
60Ω
200V D
100Ω I4 40Ω
E
40Ω
80Ω 20Ω

K H F
50Ω
A B D

I I1
I2 80Ω 60Ω
200V
100Ω 20Ω 100Ω
E
40Ω 80Ω

K H F F
42
 Example: Find I and VA

300Ω
300Ω B 200Ω A 100Ω B
I 200Ω

100Ω
200 mA I
A
200 mA G

43
 Solution: I and VA
I = 200 x 300 / (300+200) = 120 mA
VA = VAG = VAB + VBG
VAB = 100x200.10–3 = 20V
VBG = 200x120.10–3 = 24V
VA = 20 + 24 = 44 V
300Ω
300Ω B 200Ω A 100Ω B
I 200Ω

100Ω
200 mA I
A
200 mA G

44
 Example: Find I and VAB

A
1

I
3A 10
20V

B 2

45
 Solution: Find I and VAB
I = 20 / 10 = 2A
VAB = VAC + VCD + VDB
= – (1x3) + 20 – (2x3) = 11V

A C

I
3A 10
20V

B 2 D
46
 Practice
In the following circuit, calculate I1, I2 and V

V Ÿ
Ÿ 7A
I1

4A 10V
I2
Ÿ

47
 Example: Find I1, I2, I3 and VAB
6KΩ 3KΩ B 6KΩ
A A
B
I3 B A
2KΩ C 4KΩ 3KΩ
18V 18V C
4KΩ
I1 I2

I1 18V C C

C 6KΩ
A 2KΩ
6KΩ
A 2KΩ B I3
C
C I1 C
B 3KΩ
18V
3KΩ
18V 4KΩ
C
C I2
4KΩ

C
C 48
 Solution: Find I1, I2, I3 and VAB
I = 18 /2,000 = 9 mA
I1 = 9/2 = 4.5 mA = – I2
I3 = 4.5 x 3 / (3+6) = 1.5 mA
VAB = – 1.5.10-3 x 6. 103 = – 9 V
6KΩ
Req = 2KΩ A 2KΩ
B I3
I1 C
I 3KΩ
18V
I2 4KΩ

C 49
Wheatstone bridge

R a R 2 = Rx R 1

50
Wheatstone bridge
 Δ Y conversion

52
Y to Δ conversion Δ to Y conversion
Example: Find RAB

53
Solution: Find RAB

Y Δ

54
Solution: Find RAB

Δ Y

55
Solution: Find RAB

56
Solution: Find RAB

57
 Solution: Find RAB
RAB = (2.23 + 2.08) // (1.04 +0.93) + 0.64 = 2.21Ω

58
Example: Find VS

59
Solution: Find RAB

60
Solution: Find RAB

61
Solution: Find RAB

62
 Solution: Find RAB
VS = I x 3.1 = 2 x 3.1 = 6.2 V

63
Võ Văn Tới
School of Biomedical Engineering
International University of Vietnam National Universities
HCM City, Vietnam
Email: vvtoi@hcmiu.edu.vn
Website: www.hcmiu.edu.vn/bme

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