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Simple Pipe
Networks
Simple Pipe Networks
Simple Pipe Networks
2
h sQ
where s = +1 if Q is positive and –1 if Q is
negative.
The Head Balance Method
(Loop Method - Hardy-Cross method)
Initially, the net head loss round a closed
loop probably won’t be 0. To try to achieve
this after perturbing the flow in all pipes of
a loop by δQ we require
h s (Q Q) 2 0
loop
If
c h cc h
Q QQ
h
- Calculate 2 Q 2 h / Q
- update all pipes in this loop by δQ;
Repeat until the net head change around all loops is sufficiently
small.
The negative sing indicates that
the positive (clocwise) values of Q are to be reduced and
negative (anticlocwise) values of Q are to be increased
The Head Balance Method
(Loop Method - Hardy-Cross method)
Note that where two loops share a common
pipe the signed flow rates have opposite signs.
The quantity balance Method
(Nodal Method)
Used for loops or branches where
the external heads are known.
Basic Method: Start with
guessed heads Hi at each
junction and calculate the i
resulting flow in each pipe.
Apply iterative head
j
corrections δHi so as to satisfy
continuity at each junction.
(The 3-reservoir problem is
the simplest case, with a
single junction).
The quantity balance
Method (Nodal Method)