Science, Technology and Society

UNIT 1: General Concepts and STS Historical Developments

Module 1 Intellectual Revolutions That

Module 2
Module 3

Defined Society
By: Diana A. Villanueva
Cavite State University – Imus Campus
 Objectives

1.) Define intellectual revolutions.

2.) Identify the intellectual revolutions that

Chapter 1
created paradigm shift.
Module 3

Module 2
Module 1
3.) Determine the components of personality.

4.) Explain the stages of psychosexual

development.

5.) Compare the different civilizations and

identify their greatest contributions to the society.
 Revolution-A wide-reaching change in the way something
works, organized or change in people’s ideas about it.

Natural Selection- Process that results in the adaptation of

an organism to its environment by means of selectively
reproducing changes in genetic constitution.
Chapter 1
Module 3

Module 2
Module 1
Personality- Combination of characteristics or qualities
KEY that form an individual’s distinctive character.
CONCEP
TS Behavior- Range of actions and mannerisms made by
individual.

Artificial Intelligence- Intelligent behavior by machines

rather than the natural intelligence of humans and other
animals.

Civilization- Complex human society in which people live

in groups of settled dwellings.
INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION
 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
• It is the term used to Greek speculation
about “nature” in the period before
Socrates (600-400 BCE).
Chapter 1
Module 3

Module 2
Module 1
• Also known as “Pre-Socratic” or “non-
theological” or “first-philosophy”

• Three characteristic features of this form

of philosophy are as follows:
- The world is a natural whole (i.e., supernatural forces
do not make things “happen”.
- There is a natural ‘order’ (i.e., there are ‘law of
nature’).
- Humans can ‘discover’ those laws.
COPERNICAN
 Nicolaus Copernicus
• Polish astronomer who proposed
that the planets have the Sun as the
fixed point to which their motions are
to be referred; that Earth is a planet
Chapter 1 which, besides orbiting the Sun

Module 2
Module 1
Module 3

annually, also turns once daily on its

own axis.

• This representation of the heavens is

usually called the heliocentric, or
“Sun-centred,” system—derived from
the Greek Helios, meaning “Sun.”
DID YOU KNOW?
-Copernicus wasn’t the first person to suggest heliocentrism,
there are other ancient Greek astronomers who suggested the
same idea but he didn’t give fully credit to this scholars
DARWINIAN
 Charles Darwin
• Charles Darwin, in full Charles Robert
Darwin, (born February 12, 1809,
Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England—died April
19, 1882, Downe, Kent).

• English naturalist whose scientific theory

Chapter 1

Module 2
Module 1
of evolution by natural selection became
Chapter

the foundation of modern evolutionary

studies.
3

• Darwin at first shocked religious Victorian

society by suggesting that animals and
humans shared a common ancestry.
However, his nonreligious biology appealed
to the rising class of professional scientists
DID YOU KNOW?
- Darwin was born on the same day as Abraham Lincoln.
- He dropped out of medical school.
FREUDIAN
 Sigmund Freud
• An Austrian neurologist known as the
father of psychoanalysis.

• His creation of psychoanalysis was at once

a theory of the human psyche, a therapy for
the relief of its ills, and an optic for the
Chapter 1

Module 2
Module 1
Chapter

interpretation of culture and society.

• Despite repeated criticisms, attempted

3

refutations, and qualifications of Freud’s

work, its spell remained powerful well after
his death and in fields far removed from
psychology as it is narrowly defined.

DID YOU KNOW?

- He was nominated for a Nobel Prize 13 times.
- He experimented with hypnosis.
 “According to Freud,
human behavior is the
Chapter 1

Module 2
Module 1
Module 3

result of the interactions

among three component
parts of the mind”
 Component parts of the mind…
• Freud assumed the id operated at an unconscious
level according to the pleasure principle
(gratification from satisfying basic instincts). The id
comprises two kinds of biological instincts (or drives)
which Freud called Eros and Thanatos.

Chapter 1
Module 3

Module 2
Module 1
• Eros, or life instinct, helps the individual to
survive; it directs life-sustaining activities such as
respiration, eating, and sex (Freud, 1925). The
energy created by the life instincts is known as
libido.
• In contrast, Thanatos or death instinct, is viewed
as a set of destructive forces present in all human
beings (Freud, 1920). When this energy is directed
outward onto others, it is expressed as aggression
and violence. Freud believed that Eros is stronger
than Thanatos, thus enabling people to survive
rather than self-destruct.
 Component parts of the mind…

• The ego develops from the id during

infancy.

Chapter 1
Module 3

Module 2
Module 1
• The ego's goal is to satisfy the
demands of the id in a safe a socially
acceptable way.

• In contrast to the id, the ego

follows the reality principle as it
operates in both the conscious and
unconscious mind.
 Component parts of the mind…

• The superego develops during early

childhood (when the child identifies
Chapter 1

Module 2
Module 3

Module 1
with the same sex parent) and is
responsible for ensuring moral
standards are followed.

• The superego operates on the

morality principle and motivates us
to behave in a socially responsible
and acceptable manner.
 The basic dilemma of all human existence is that
each element of the psychic apparatus makes
demands upon us that are incompatible with the
other two. Inner conflict is inevitable.
Chapter 1

Module 2
Module 1
Module 3

For example, the superego can make a person feel

guilty if rules are not followed. When there is a
conflict between the goals of the id and superego,
the ego must act as a referee and mediate this
conflict. The ego can deploy various defense
mechanisms (Freud, 1894, 1896) to prevent it from
becoming overwhelmed by anxiety.
INFORMATION
REVOLUTION
 Alan Turing
• (1912-1954) a British mathematician who
considered information revolution as the fourth
revolution following the Copernican, Darwinian,
and Freudian.
• he provided a fundamental contribution to
computer sciences by refining the concepts of

Chapter 1
algorithm and computation with what we called
Module 3

Module 2
Module 1
Turing Machine.
• He also contributed the Turing test concerning
the possibility of developing conscious and
thinking machines in AI. (Turing test is a test of a
machine’s ability to exhibit intelligent behavior
equivalent to, or indistinguishable from that of a
human.

DID YOU KNOW?

- Turing played a huge role kin winning World War II.
- He created the first computer chess program.
MESOAMERICAN
CIVILIZATION
 Chapter 1
Module 3

Module 2
Module 1
• A region and cultural area in the Americas, extending from approximately central Mexico
of Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Northern Costa Rica.

• The main food sources of Mesoamerica were beans, corn, and squash forming a triad of
products known as the “Three Sisters”. Growing these three crops together aided in
retaining the nutrients in the soil.

• Cacao was considered as another culturally important crop because it wa used in rituals
and trade currency.
 Chapter 1
Module 3

Module 2
Module 1
Cotton Plant Rubber Tree
• Cotton plants and rubber trees were used in making
culturally significant products such as textiles and
rubber balls, respectively.
• Creation of textiles with vibrant colors was created
from the domestication of cotton.
• Rubber balls, were used in performance games.
 Chapter 1
Module 3

Module 2
Module 1
Terraces Irrigation
• Various cultivation technique were done by the Mesoamerican farmers to
combat the lack of usable land, and poor soil condition.

• Combination farmers to combat the lack of usable land, and poor soil
condition.

• They form terraces along the slopes of mountain valleys. Theses terraces
were made of stone walls, while others were created by cutting down
large trees and mounding soil around them.

• They were also the first to use irrigation techniques.

 Chapter 1
Module 3

Module 2
Module 1
The Mayan calendar has a small An Aztec calendar that consisted of a 365-day
wheel consists of 260 teeth with agricultural calendar and 260-day sacred calendar.
each one having the name of days of
• Mesoamericans were known to be the
the TZOLKIN. The larger wheel
first one to create the calendars.
consists of 365 teeth and has the
name of each of the positions of the
• They
HAAB year. As both wheel used three calendars, all of
rotate,
which worked
the name of theextensively
TZOLKIN dayin groups of 20.
corresponds to each HAAB position.
• The civil calendar or the Haab, had 18 months of 20 days each, for a
total of 30 days for each cycle; the Tzolkin calendar contained 20 months
of 13 days each for 260 days in each finished cycle and was used primarily
for ceremonial purposes.
ASIAN
CIVILIZATION
 ASIAN
CIVILIZATION
Chapter 1
Module 3

Module 2
Module 1
• Asia bore two of the world’s great early civilizations: one from
INDIA and the other from CHINA.

• 4000 years ago, civilization arose in the Indus River Valley.

• Shops where established around its major city, Mohenjo-Daro.

• The region served as birthplace of two world’s known religions,

namely Hinduism and Buddhism.
 UNTOUCHABLES

Chapter 1

Module 2
Module 1
Module 3

VEDAS BRAHMINS

CASTE SYSTEM
• Hinduism was based on the four sacred books called Vedas which
hold the records of Indian history and beliefs and were written by
the Aryan people who invaded the region from the north around
1500 BCE.

• People were divided based on a caste system, were priests called

Brahmins ranked highest and the “untouchables” as lowest.
 • Buddhism embraces
followers who praise
Buddha (meaning “The
Chapter 1

Module 2
Module 3

Module 1
Enlightened One”) who
is in the person of
Siddharta Gautama, a
wanderer who believed
that human greed and
selfishness lead to
human pain.
 Chapter 1

Module 2
Module 3

Module 1
CONFUCIUS GREAT WALL OF CHINA

• China had its own religion known as Confucianism

which is based from teaching of Confucius.

• People built Great Wall of China to protect

themselves from the invasions of “barbarians” from
other parts of Asia.
MIDDLE EAST
CIVILIZATION
 MIDDLE EAST
CIVILIZATION

Chapter 1
Module 3

Module 2
Module 1
• Middle East is considered as the home to the “Cradle of Civilization”

• The creation was based on the new needs fro commercial, property, and
political records including a celebration of the deeds of proud local kings.

• It also gave the rest of the world the first writing system, invented the
potter’s wheel and then the vehicular and mill wheel.
• Created the first generalized governments and law codes, served as
birthplace to the first city-states wit their high degree of division labor.

• A laying foundation for astronomy and mathematics.

 Ancient writing evolved from
pictures baked on clay tablets
Chapter 1
Module 3

Module 2
Module 1
in the Middle east.

• Writing preceded by the invention of clay cylinder seals, on

which little pictures of objects could be recorded.

• The earliest writing simply evolved from pictures baked on clay

tablets, which were turned into symbols and gradually transformed
into phonetic elements.
AFRICAN
CIVILIZATION
 AFRICAN
CIVILIZATION

Chapter 1
Module 3

Module 2
Module 1
• According to historians, Africans were nothing more than savages whose
only contributions to the world were farming and slaves. On the contrary,
the history of ancient Africa is just as interesting, complex, and
sophisticated as any other ancient civilization.

• Achievements emerged in the field of Mathematics, Astronomy,

Metallurgy and tools, Agriculture and Engineering, Navigation, and even
Medicine.

• Modern concepts in mathematics like the first method of counting were

first developed here.
 African
Stonehenge
Chapter 1
Module 3

Module 2
Module 1
• People in present-day Zaire and Yoruba people in what is now Nigeria
developed their own numeration system 8,000 years ago.

• The Yoruba system was based on units of 20 instead of 10 and required

impressive amount of subtraction to identify different numbers.

• African Stonehenge in present-day Kenya which is constructed around 300

BC was a remarkably accurate calendar.

• The Dogon people of Mali have various astronomical discoveries wherein

they knew of the Saturn’s rings, Jupiter’s moon, the spiral structure of the
Milky Way and the orbit of the Sirius star.
 “Someastonishing diverse
Chapter 1

Module 2
Module 3

Module 1
monuments and great
architectural monuments were
developed in the African
Empire of Egypt.”
 Giza Necropolis

Chapter 1
Module 3

Module 2
Module 1
Valley of the Kings
 Module 3

Chapter 1
Luxor Temple

Philae Nile

Module 2
Module 1
 Pyramid of Djoser

Chapter 1
Module 3

Module 2
Module 1
Colossi of Memnon
 Pyramid of Great
Sphinx of Giza

Chapter 1
Module 3

Module 2
Module 1
Mortuary Temple
of Hatshepsut
 Module 3

Chapter 1

Ombo
Temple of Kom

Module 2
Module 1
 • Before invasion of Africa, medicine in
Nigeria and South Africa was more advanced than
medicine in Europe.

• Some of the practices were the use

of plants with salicylic acid for pain, kaolin for
diarrhea, and extracts that were confirmed in the in
Chapter 1
Module 3

Module 2
Module 1
the 20th century to kill Gram positive
bacteria.
• Other plants used had anticancer properties, caused abortion, and
treated malaria.

• Medical procedure performed in ancient Africa before they were

performed in Europe included vaccination, autopsy, limb traction and
broken bone setting, bullet removal, brain surgery, skin grafting, filling
of dental cavities, installation of false teeth, anesthesia, and tissue
cauterization.