SUSTAINABLE ENERGY

TECHNOLOGY
(ChEg5201)

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 1. Energy Sources
Introductions
What is energy?
What are the form of energy?
What are the source of energy?, And what are the main sources of energy on
earth?

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Cont.

 What is energy?
 Energy is capacity to do work (Energy is the physical entity indispensable for
performing work)
 Energy can be changed from one form to another but it neither be created
nor be destroyed
 Energy = the amount of force or power when applied can move one object
from one position to another
 An energy resources is something that can produce heat, power life , move
objects ,or produce electricity .
 Matter that store energy is called fuel

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07/12/2022 4

Energy exists in everybody

 Human beings
 Animals

Cont. Plants
 Non living things (machines)
WHAT ARE THE FORM OF ENERGY?
FORM OF ENERGY
• Kinetic (energy that an object possesses due to its motion)
• • Potential (energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position
• relative to others)
• • Light (formed through chemical, radiation, mechanical means)
• • Sound (produced when an object vibrates)
• • Gravitational (energy an object possesses because of its
position in a gravitational field)
FORM OF ENERGY
• • Elastic (potential mechanical energy stored in the
configuration of a material, distort of volume or shape)
• • Electromagnetic (term used to describe all the
different kinds of energies released into space by stars
such as the Sun)
• • Nuclear (energy released during nuclear fission or
fusion, especially when used to generate electricity).
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6 cont.

The main source of energy are:

 Primary Energy sources ( natural gas, crude oil )
 Secondary Energy sources ( refined crude oil products )
 Commercial Energy sources ( electricity )
 Non-commercial Energy sources ( firewood )
 Renewable Energy sources
 Non-renewable Energy sources

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Cont.

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1.1 NON RENEWABLE ENERGY

Resource that takes too long to replace or cannot be replaced at all

 A resource that takes to long to replace or cannot replaced at all
Any natural resource from the Earth that exists in limited supply and cannot be
replaced if it is used up; also, any natural resource that cannot be replenished by
natural means at the same rates that it is consumed
These energy resources are formed inside the earth crust at very high
temperature and pressure ,take a very long passage of time in their Formation
Thus they are present in limited amount in nature’s reservoir
Non-renewable resources are those that cannot be replaced at the same rate it is
being used, It takes a long time to be replaced

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CONT.

Example of Nonrenewable Resources

 Fossil Fuels
Coal
Petroleum
Natural Gas
 Nuclear Energy

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Fossil Fuels

 Energy from fossilized organic materials

 They are formed from the organic remains of prehistoric plants and animals
 Fossil fuels include coal, petroleum, natural gas, oil-sand, and oil-shale
 These materials are derived from the partially decomposed biomass of dead
plants and other organisms that lived hundreds of millions of years ago
 The ancient biomass became entombed in marine sediment, which much later
became deeply buried and eventually lithified into sedimentary rocks such as
shale and sandstone
 Deep within those geological formations, under conditions of high pressure,
high temperature, and low oxygen, the organic matter transformed extremely
slowly into hydrocarbons (molecules that are composed only of carbon and
hydrogen) and other organic compounds

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 Cont.
Hydrocarbons are the most abundant chemicals in fossil fuels However, many additional
kinds of organic compounds may also be present, which incorporate Sulphur, nitrogen,
and other elements in their structure
Coal in particular is often contaminated with many inorganic minerals, such as shale and
pyrite

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 Advantages and disadvantages of fossil fuels
Advantages
• Ready-made fuels
• They give a large amount of energy from a small
amount of fuel
• Relatively cheap to extract and convert to
energy.
• Readily available and reliable. If you need more
energy, you just burn more fuel their availability
is not affected by climatic condition
Disadvantages
• They are non-renewable, Once you burn
them, they are gone
• Burning a fossil fuel emits carbon dioxide,
which contributes to climate change
• Burning a fossil fuel can produce sulphur
dioxide and smoke, which cause pollution
and acid rain
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 Coal

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CONT.
 COAL IS A SOLID FUEL WHICH IS MINED FROM SEAMS SANDWICHED BETWEEN LAYERS OF ROCK IN
THE EARTH
 COAL IS THE MOST ABUNDANT FOSSIL FUEL AND SUPPLIES ARE EXPECTED TO LAST LONGER THAN
FOR OTHER FOSSIL FUELS
 COAL IS A BLACK OR BROWNISH ROCK
 WE BURN COAL TO CREATE ENERGY
 COAL IS A SOLID MATERIAL THAT CAN VARY GREATLY IN ITS CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL QUALITIES


THE HIGHEST QUALITY COALS ARE ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS,
WHICH ARE HARD, SHINY, BLACK MINERALS WITH A HIGH ENERGY DENSITY (THE ENERGY CONTENT
PER UNIT OF WEIGHT)

LIGNITE IS A POORER GRADE OF COAL, AND IT IS A SOFTER, FLAKY MATERIAL WITH A

LOWER ENERGY DENSITY 07/12/2022 14
CONT.

Coal is mined in various ways. If deposits occur close to the surface, they are typically extracted by strip-
mining, which involves the use of huge shovels to uncover and collect the coal-bearing strata, which are then
transported using immense trucks Deeper deposits of coal are mined from underground shafts, which may
follow a seam kilometers into the ground
Most coal in North America is extracted by strip-mining
After it is mined, coal may be washed to remove some of the impurities and then ground into a powder
Most is then combusted in a large industrial facility, such as a coal-fired generating station, a use that accounts
for about half of the global use of coal and 88% in Canada, in addition, about 75% of the world's steel is
manufactured using coal as an energy source, often as a concentrated material known as coke
Coal can also be used to manufacture synthetic petroleum
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IMPACT OF COAL MINING ON
ENVIRONMENT
Impact of mining on Air
Co2 emission
Ozone depletion
Global warming and climate change
Mine fires
Impact on water
Impact on land
Mining waste

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PETROLEUM

Petroleum comes from the liquefied ,fossilized remains of plants and animals that has
taken millions of years to be formed; once oil sources are depleted ,they cannot be replaced
Oils are used to create fuels such as gasoline, diesel and jet fuel oils are used in the
manufacturing of plastics and industrial chemicals
Petroleum or crude oil is naturally occurring,
flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture
of hydrocarbons with small amount of S,O,N
of various molecular weights and other
organic compounds that is found in geologic
formations beneath the earths surface

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CONT.

Oil is a carbon-based liquid formed from fossilized animals Reservoirs of oil are found
sandwiched between seams of rock in the Earth.
Pipes are sunk down to the reservoirs to pump the oil out
Liquid petroleum -crude oil- is the only nonrenewable resource in fluid form.
A fossil fuel that is being used up faster than new reserves are discovered, the oil supply may
only last through the middle of this century
Industrial nations, with the U.S. far in the lead, are the biggest consumers of crude oil
Gasoline, heating oil, and diesel fuel are the
primary uses of the resource, although
manufacturers utilize oil as the base for
such products as plastics and industrial chemicals

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19 How is Petroleum oil formed?

 Oil was formed from plants called plankton

 When the plankton dies, it sinks in the
bottom of the sea and is buried under layers of sand and mud
 When these layers are mixed it
turns into a hard rock, but when
bacteria ate the plankton, it
turned into ooze, which is now oil
 Oils are used for ,Fuel for lamps ,
fertilizers, pens, car gas,
heating oil for home, planes,
ships, factories, food

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CONT.

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF OIL

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGE
Widely and easily distributed all Growing demand
over world Non-renewable and fast depleting( used up fast)
Burning produces carbon dioxide which is
Easy to store and transport major cause for global warming\leaves

Cleaner and easier to burn than coal harmful products when combusting
Increasing prices
Reliable electricity
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 Natural Gas
The energy that the plants originally obtained from the sun is stored in the form of
chemical bonds in natural gas
 It is primarily composed of methane, but contains ethane, propane and butane as well

Once drillers extract natural gas, processing plants remove the propane and butane for
use as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), a household and industrial fuel
According to the current usage statistics and the volume of world reserves, the supply of
natural gas should last another century
Natural gas comes in the form of methane and some other gases which are
trapped between seams of rock under the Earth's surface and Pipes are sunk into
the ground to release the gas
Natural gas is the most efficient, cheap and clean fossil fuel to convert to energy

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 HOW IS NATURAL GAS FORMED?
It is formed from a plant
called plankton just like oil.
The plankton died, sank to the bottom,
and sand and mud covered it up
Over the years, bacteria heat and pressure
turned the plankton into natural gas
Natural gas is used as fossil fuel
when people are heating
homes, buildings,
heating water, fertilizations or cooking
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Nuclear Energy
Nuclear energy is a powerful source of energy, generated during a nuclear reaction, by change
in the nucleus of an atom
Nuclear power, or nuclear energy, is the use of exothermic nuclear processes, to generate useful
heat and electricity
Environmentalists for nuclear energy contend that nuclear power is a sustainable energy
source that reduces carbon emissions
Nuclear power is the use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity. Nuclear
power plants provide about 5.7% of the world's energy and 13% of the world's electricity

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25 Cont.

Two ways to obtain nuclear energy:

1. Nuclear fission
 Nuclear fission reaction, the nucleus of a heavy radioactive element like uranium, plutonium or thorium
splits up into smaller nuclei, when bombarded by low energy neutrons
 A huge amount of heat is generated in this process, which is used in nuclear power plants to generate
electricity
2. Nuclear fusion
 Nuclear fusion reaction involves the combination or fusion of two light elements to form a heavier element
and release uncontrollable energy, thus it cannot be used to generate electricity, unlike fission reaction
 The heat and light that we get from sun, is all due to the continuous reactions going on inside it. We can
now imagine how much energy would be released in the nuclear fusion reaction, that it is the source of
sun’s energy

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CONT.

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 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
NUCLEAR ENERGY

ADVANTAGE
 NUCLEAR PLANTS BRING JOB AND PROSPERITY TO COUNTRY
 PROVIDES THE WORLD WITH THE MOST OF ITS ELECTRICITY
 NOT MANY NUCLEAR HAVE HAPPENED; NATURAL
DISASTERS CAUSE MORE DAMAGES
 CANADA HAS EASY ACCESS TO URANIUM
 ITS GOOD FOR THE ECONOMY
 LOT OF ENERGY IS PRODUCED FROM A SMALL AMOUNT OF
URANIUM
 DO NOT EMIT CO2
 GENERATING ELECTRICITY FROM NUCLEAR ENERGY CAUSE
LITTLE POLLUTION
DISADVANTAGE
 DISPOSING OF NUCLEAR WASTE IS VERY DIFFICULT AND
NEEDS TO BE DONE AFTER A LOT PLANNING BY THE
EXPERTS
 THE RADIOACTIVE WASTE TAKES YEARS TO BE NO LONGER
HAZARDOUS
 WASTE MUST BE STORED VERY CAREFULLY FOR A LONG
TIME
 STORING IS A HUGE PROBLEM. WASTE IS VERY DANGEROUS.
IT IS RADIOACTIVE
 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS ARE VERY EXPENSIVE TO BUILD
 URANIUM IS NOT RENEWABLE AND CAN LEAD TO
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS THROUGH MINING AND
PROCESSING 07/12/2022 27
1.2 RENEWABLE ENERGY

Renewable energy resources are sources of power that quickly replenish

themselves and can be used again and again
Renewable energy is energy which is generated from natural sources, they are available
in plenty and by far most the cleanest sources of energy available on this planet
Not only will renewable energy sources not run out, but they also generate clean
energy which does not release greenhouse gas emissions in the process
Renewables can be used to generate electricity, heat or sometimes both. As explained
earlier, the most common use of renewable energy sources is to produce electricity
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Types of Renewable Energy

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Advantages and disadvantages of
renewable energy sources
ADVANTAGES
Won’t run out and can be used again and
again.
Produce clean energy that does not pollute
the environment or contribute to climate
change.
Renewable energy facilities generally
require less maintenance than traditional
fossil fuel generators.
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DISADVANTAGES
Currently difficult to generate quantities of energy
as large as those produced by traditional fossil
fuel generators, this may mean we need to
reduce the amount of energy we use or to
develop more energy facilities, it also indicates
that the best solution to our energy problems may
be to have a mix of different energy sources
Often rely on the weather to provide
Power, Hydro generators need rain to fill
dams to supply flowing water, Wind turbines
need wind to turn the blades, and
30

Cont.
Advantage
 Renewable energy is derived from natural and
available resources, this reduces the costs of
production, as the resources used to produce
the energy often don’t need to be purchased
or can be obtained more cheaply and easily
than fossil fuels
31
Disadvantage
solar panels need clear skies and sunshine to collect
heat and make electricity. When these resources are
unavailable, so is the capacity to make energy from
them, this can be unpredictable and inconsistent.
 Currently renewable energy technologies are a lot
more expensive than traditional fossil fuel
generators. This is because they are new
technologies and therefore involve large capital
costs However, as the technologies become better
established, the costs involved should fall.
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 1.2.1 HYDROPOWER

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
 WATER CONSTANTLY MOVES THROUGH A VAST GLOBAL

CYCLE, IN WHICH IT EVAPORATES FROM LAKES AND

OCEANS, FORMS CLOUDS, PRECIPITATES AS RAIN OR
SNOW, THEN FLOWS BACK TO THE OCEAN.
 THE ENERGY OF THIS WATER CYCLE, WHICH IS

DRIVEN BY THE SUN, IS TAPPED MOST

EFFICIENTLY WITH HYDRO-POWER
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CONT.

Hydro power is the energy derived from the falling water or running water
Falling water is channeled through water turbines
The pressure of the flowing water on turbine blades rotates a shaft and drives
an electrical generator, converting the motion into electrical energy
But hydroelectric power doesn't necessarily require a large dam. Some
hydroelectric power plants just use a small canal to channel the river water
through a turbine
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Components of hydro-power plants

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Classification hydropower by facility
type
Reservoir
Dam is used to hold back water to increase the
head and store water for use in droughts.
The reservoir reduces
the dependence on
the variability of inflow.
Helps to develop
potential energy

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Run of River
 Power is generated mainly from the available

flow of the river

 Is exposed to varying

power generation b/c of

none or small storage
 Relatively inexpensive and

have lower environmental

impact than similar sized
storage power plants
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 Pumped storage:
Is a type of
hydroelectric energy
storage used by
electric power
systems for load
balancing.
In such a system,
water is pumped from
a lower reservoir into
an upper reservoir

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 IN-STREAM TECHNOLOGY USING EXISTING
FACILITIES
TO OPTIMIZE EXISTING
FACILITIES LIKE WEIRS,
BARRAGES, CANALS OR FALLS,
SMALL TURBINES OR
HYDROKINETIC TURBINES CAN
BE INSTALLED FOR ELECTRICITY
GENERATION.
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What type of facility is GERD? Discuss it
on?

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CONT.

What are the key barriers

of hydro-power
development in Ethiopia?
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 41
The main challenges for hydro-power
development are

 Poor identification and management of environmental and social impacts

 Insufficient hydrological data
 Unexpected adverse geological conditions
 Lack of comprehensive river basin planning
 Shortage of financing
 Scarcity of local skilled human resources and lack of regional collaboration

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 WHAT ARE THE PROS AND CONS OF HYDRO
POWER PLANTS?

PROS CONS
WATER IS A RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE.
 IMPACT ON FISH
MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION CHARGES ARE VERY
LOW.  LIMITED PLANT LOCATION
THE EFFICIENCY OF THE PLANT DOES NOT CHANGE WITH
AGE.
 HIGHER INITIAL COSTS
HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS ARE ALSO USEFUL FOR  CARBON AND METHANE EMISSIONS
FLOOD CONTROL, IRRIGATION PURPOSES, FISHERY AND
RECREATION.  SUSCEPTIBLE TO DROUGHT
HAVE A LONGER LIFE(MORE THAN 50 YEARS) AS THEY
OPERATE AT ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE.  FLOOD RISK
WATER STORED IN THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
CAN ALSO BE USED FOR DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY.
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43 1.2.2 Biomass


Biomass is the main source of Bioenergy
 Biomass is a renewable source of fuel to produce Energy, because waste residues will
always exist in terms of scrap wood, mill residuals and forest resources; and, properly
managed forests will always have more trees, and we will always have crops and the
residual biological matter from those crops.

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 CONT.

 RAPIDLY INCREASING THE POPULATION

AND INDUSTRY CAUSES MORE ENERGY NEED

 BIOMASS IS ONE OF PRIMARY SOURCES

WHICH CAN BE USED TO PROVIDE

RENEWABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY.
 BIOMASS ENERGY IS UNENDING AND CAN

BE OBTAINED EVERYWHERE, MOREOVER IT

HELPS THE SOCIO-ECONOMICAL
DEVELOPMENT IN COUNTRY SIDE

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CONT.

Biomass is one form of renewable energy source with a multitude of benefits

preliminary due to its low cost and presumed zero-carbon emission.
The two major driving forces for using biomass as energy source:
I. fossil fuels are limited in nature and are consumed at an alarming rate.
II. burning of fossil fuels emits large amounts of gases into the atmosphere
leading to enhanced greenhouse effect.
Biomass adds no additional carbon to the atmosphere, making it
carbon neutral.

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Cont.

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CONT.

All biomass types can be utilized for energy production,

The energy conversion pathway starting from energy crops is highly uncertain
due to unavoidable competition of land for food production
Power generation from biomass waste residue is characterized by its potential
environmental, climate change and economic benefits .
 It protects the environment by utilizing organic wastes for power generation,
eliminating the landfill issues,
 Cuts the carbon emissions by being substitute to the fossil fuels; and
 It can create new jobs that can be expressed as the economic benefit.

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Cont.

 Three types of primary fuel are produced from biomass:

 Liquid (ethanol, biodiesel, methanol, vegetable oil, and pyrolysis oil)
 Gaseous (biogas (CH4, CO2), producer gas (CO, H2, CH4, CO2 ), syngas (CO, H2), substitute natural
gas (CH4))
 Solid (charcoal, torrefied biomass)

 From the primary fuels four major categories of product :

 Chemicals such as methanol, fertilizer, and synthetic fiber
 Energy such as heat
 Electricity
 Transportation fuel such as bioethanol and biodiesel

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 Cont.
as
HEAT l eG
b
sti
bu
o m
Biomas C Bio-Oil
s Vapor Condensation
Source
s
Bioch
ar

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Biomass Energy conversion routes
Can be thermochemical, biochemical or mechanical.

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ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF
BIOMASS

ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
Renewable High costs
Waste reduction Space requirements
Reliability Some adverse environmental
impact

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1.2.3 Wind Energy 52

07/12/2022
 Wind power or wind energy is the use of wind to provide mechanical power
through wind turbines to turn electric generators for electrical power
 The Electrical energy that is obtained from harnessing the wind with
 wind mills or wind turbines is called Wind Energy
 Wind power is a popular sustainable, renewable source of power that has a much
smaller impact on the environment compared with burning of fossil fuel
 Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the
irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth
 Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power
 Large wind farms consist of hundreds of individual wind turbines which are
connected to the electric power transmission network
Component of wind turn=bine
The major components of a commercial wind
turbine are
Nacelle

Tower

Rotor

low speed and

High speed

shafts

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Cont.
Gear box
Generator
Sensors and
yaw drive
Power
regulation and
controlling units

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Wind energy development

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Type of wind turbines 56

Classification of Wind turbines can done based on:

Working principle (lift and drag)
Axis of rotation
Based on their axis of rotation , Wind turbines can also be broadly
classified into:
 Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) &
 Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT)

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Horizontal Axis WindTurbine
(HAWT)
Most common industrial design today
Necessary of wind sensors to rotate tower in yaw direction
Mostly applied in areas where wind velocities are high
Exist with different no of blade!!
One blade
Two blade
Three blade
Multiple blade

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 Vertical Axis WindTurbine (VAWT)
The VAWT can receive wind from any direction, hence complicated yaw devices (direction
aligning) can be eliminated
The generator and the gearbox of such systems can be housed at the ground level
Making the tower design
simple and more economical.
The maintenance of these
turbines can be done at
the ground level
Please search and discuss pros and
cons of HAWT and VAWT????

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Pros and Cons Wind Energy
PROS
Wind energy is a green energy source and
does not cause pollution
The potential of wind power is enormous -20
times more than what the entire human
population needs
The operational costs associated with wind
power are low
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CONS
Wind is a fluctuating (intermittent) source of
energy and is not suited to meet the base load
energy demand unless some form of energy
storage is utilized (e.g. batteries, pumped
hydro)
The manufacturing and installation of wind
turbines requires heavy upfront investments
both in commercial and residential applications
Wind turbines can be a threat to wildlife (e.g.
birds, bats)
59
1.2.4 SOLAR ENERGY

Most renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from the sun
Energy from the sun is called solar energy
Solar energy is the energy, the earth receives from the sun, primarily as
visible light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation
Solar energy can be converted into electrical energy by using solar plates

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Cont.
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun harnessed using a range of
ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal
energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis
It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly
characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they
capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar
techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and
solar water heating to harness the energy
Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting
materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and
designing spaces that naturally circulate air

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 CONT.

SOLAR ENERGY IS CURRENTLY USED IN A NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS:

HEAT (HOT WATER, BUILDING HEAT, SOLAR COOKING)
ELECTRICITY GENERATION (PHOTOVOLTAICS AND SOLAR THERMAL, STIRLING AND OTHER HEAT
ENGINES)
DESALINATION OF SEAWATER
(TAKING THE SALT OUT SO IT CAN
BE USED FOR DRINKING
OR GROWING CROPS)
LIGHTNING

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PROS AND CONS OF SOLAR ENERGY

PROS
Clean Energy Source
Renewable and Sustainable
Power Remote Areas
Can be Installed on Rooftops
Reduce Electricity Bills
Availability
Low Maintenance
Silent
CONS
Initial Cost is high
Produce Power During Day
Solar Cells Effectiveness (14%-17%)
Large Area for Setup (10sqm/kw)
Expensive Storage ( batteries )
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64 1.2.5 Geothermal energy

 The heat from the earth is called geothermal energy. It can be used to heat water, generate
electricity, etc, it is clear and sustainable
 Resources of geothermal energy range from the shallow ground to hot water and hot rock
 It found a few miles beneath the Earth's surface, and down even deeper to the extremely
high temperatures of molten rock called magma
 Geothermal heat pumps can tap into this resource to
 heat and cool buildings

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Cont.

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 PROS AND CONS OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
PROS
RENEWABLE SOURCE
ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY
NO FUEL NEEDED
ABUNDANT SUPPLY
SIGNIFICANT SAVINGS FOR HOME
OWNERS
SMALLEST LAND FOOTPRINT
INNOVATION IN TECHNOLOGY
CONS
SUITABLE TO PARTICULAR REGION
HIGH INITIAL COSTS
COST OF POWERING THE PUMP
SURFACE INSTABILITY
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
HIGH TEMPERATURES NEEDED
MAY RUN OUT OF STEAM
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 1.2.6 TIDAL ENERGY

TIDAL POWER, ALSO CALLED TIDAL ENERGY, IS A FORM OF HYDROPOWER WHICH CONVERTS THE ENERGY OF TIDES INTO
THE USEFUL FORM OF POWER, MAINLY IN ELECTRICITY
TIDES ARE THE WAVES CAUSED DUE TO GRAVITATIONAL PULL OF THE MOON AND SUN
OCEAN TIDES ARE THE PERIODIC RISE AND FALL OF OCEAN WATER LEVEL OCCURS TWICE IN EACH LUNAR DAY
DURING ONE LUNAR DAY THE OCEAN WATER LEVEL RISES TWICE AND FALL TWICE
TIME INTERVAL BETWEEN A CONSECUTIVE LOW TIDE AND HIGH TIDE IS 6.207 HRS.
TIDAL RANGE IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE CONSECUTIVE HIGH TIDE AND LOW TIDE.
DURING HIGH TIDE, THE WATER FLOW INTO THE DAM AND DURING LOW TIDE WATER FLOW OUT WHICH RESULT IN MOVING
THE TURBINE.
ALTHOUGH NOT YET WIDELY USED, TIDAL POWER HAS POTENTIAL FOR FUTURE ELECTRICITY GENERATION. TIDES ARE
MORE PREDICTABLE THAN WIND ENERGY AND SOLAR POWER.

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CONT.

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Basic Physics Of Tides 69

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 Gravitational pull of the sun and moon
 The pull of the centrifugal force of rotation of the earth-moon system
 There are two high tides and low tides during each period of rotation of the earth
 The gravitational force of the moon causes the oceans to bulge along an axis
pointing directly at the moon
 The magnitude of this attraction depends on the mass of the object and its distance
away
CONT.

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ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF TIDAL
ENERGY

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Renewable Environmental Effects
Green Close to Land
Predictable Expensive
Effective at Low Speeds
Long Life spans
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1.2.7 Wave Energy & Ocean Thermal Energy

Wave Energy
The oceans cover 75% of the world surface
It is the largest renewable energy source available to contribute to the security of energy
supply and reduce greenhouse gases emissions
Waves are the energy that moves across the surface of water due to the wind movement
This also generates electricity
This energy is obtained from kinetic energy if wave
Wave energy systems
Shore line devices:
Easier installation and maintenance;
Not require long lengths of underwater electrical cable

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Offshore devices:
More powerful wave regimes

Recent designs for offshore;

devices concentrate on small,

modular devices

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 74
Ocean Thermal Energy

 Energy obtained due to difference in temperature between the ocean surface and deeper
sections
 This energy is utilized for electricity generations
 The difference of temperature is due to the heating of the surface by sun

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CONT.

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 Cont.
Advantages of OTEC:-
1. Works day and night with only routine pump maintenance and little
ongoing costs.
2. Open system version produces desalinated water as well.

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2. RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE
ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
Renewable Technologies
Renewable technologies offer the option to provide access to sustainable energy services and foster economic
development
Technology is a device that can be used for converting of the renewable energy resource in to useful form of energy
Some of the renewable technologies are:
Solar Geothermal
Wind Tidal
Hydropower Waves and Ocean
Etc……

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Cont.

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Non-Renewable Energy Technologies
Non renewable technologies are technologies which convert the non renewable source of
energies into the useful form of energy
Some of the non renewable energy technologies are
Fossil Fuels reactor
 Coal reactor
Petroleum purified technology
Natural Gas filtration technology
Oil produced technology
 Nuclear Energy reactor
Re-assess and re-view all renewable and non renewable technologies in above slide(1.1
and 1.2)
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 3. SUSTAINABILITY
3.1 History of Energy Usage Development
Energy has always been among the most essential resource that endorses the progress,
evolution and prosperity of human societies
The sun is the ultimate source of energy and non renewable fossil fuels are formed by
solar energy that has been captured over extremely long geological period
Human being used(utilize) fire for cooking and heating sing biomass (wood) and then
fuels
In the mid 19 century the industrial revolution brought a major shift in energy source with
usage of coal, steam engines and increasing other power plant
In the 20 century the demand of the globe increase in to the higher energy content which
called oil
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CONT.

It is expected that the 21 century will be characterized by major shifts of in energy source
from complex fossil fuel such as coal and oil to simpler fossil fuel like natural gas
Following the advances in technology, more energy source are under intensive development
for example
Biotechnologies(biofuel, bioenergy from biomass)
Nuclear energy (from nuclear fission and fusion)
Hydrogen mainly from fuel cell(hydrogen fuel)
Development of Renewable technologies and hybrid system of energy source
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 3.2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT- THREE
PILLARS OF SUSTAINABILITY

WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?

CLASSIC DEFINITION
“SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT WITHOUT
COMPROMISING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATIONS TO MEET THEIR OWN
NEEDS”

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 WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?

OTHER DEFINITIONS
IMPROVEMENT IN THE QUALITY OF HUMAN LIFE WITHIN THE CARRYING CAPACITY OF SUPPORTING
ECOSYSTEMS
A CONDITION IN WHICH THE ECOSYSTEM MAINTAINS ITS DIVERSITY AND QUALITY AND THUS ITS CAPACITY TO
SUPPORT PEOPLE AND THE REST OF LIFE AND ITS POTENTIAL TO ADAPT TO CHANGE AND PROVIDE A WIDE
CHANGE OF CHOICES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE FUTURE
A CONDITION IN WHICH ALL MEMBERS OF SOCIETY ARE ABLE TO DETERMINE AND MEET THEIR NEEDS AND
HAVE A LARGE RANGE OF CHOICES TO MEET THEIR POTENTIAL
ECONOMIC GROWTH THAT PROVIDES FAIRNESS AND OPPORTUNITY FOR ALL THE WORLD'S PEOPLE, NOT JUST
THE PRIVILEGED FEW, WITHOUT FURTHER DESTROYING THE WORLD'S FINITE NATURAL RESOURCES AND
CARRYING CAPACITY

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What is to be Sustained?
The three pillars of sustained development,

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85 Cont.

Environmental Sustainability
 Ecological integrity is maintained, all of earth’s environmental systems are kept in balance while natural
resources within them are consumed by humans at a rate where they are able to replenish themselves
Economic Sustainability
 Human communities across the globe are able to maintain their independence and have access to the resources
that they require, financial and other, to meet their needs. Economic systems are intact and activities are
available to everyone, such as secure sources of livelihood
Social Sustainability
 Social sustainability encompasses notions of equity, empowerment, accessibility, participation, cultural identity
and institutional stability
 Universal human rights and basic necessities are attainable by all people, who have access to enough resources
in order to keep their families and communities healthy and secure. Healthy communities have just leaders who
ensure personal, labor and cultural rights are respected and all people are protected from discrimination

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Sustainable Development Goals

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 3.3 life-cycle thinking and analytical
tools

Reading assignment life-cycle thinking and analytical tools of sustainable development???

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Energy data in Ethiopia

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THANK
YOU!!!
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