COLUMNS

UNI-AXIALLY ECCENTRICALLY
LOADED COLUMN
As As‛
h Pu
Let’s suppose load acts on a
column at distance ‘e’ from e
plastic centroid as shown in
b
figure. In the figure, e
As′ = Area of compressive steel.
As = Area of tensile steel. d
d
s
fs = Stress in tensile steel. c

fs′ = Stress in compressive steel. c= 0.003

d ‛‛ s 
T = Tensile force in steel. a
2
Cc = Compressive force in concrete.
0.85 fc′
Cs = Compressive force in steel. T
Cc
d“ = distance of steel layer from Cs
Plastic centroid
 Cc = 0.85 fc′ b a
Cs = As′ fs′
T = As fs
Now,
Pn = Cc + Cs − T
or  0.85 fc'b a  As'fs'  As fs (A)
Pn
Equation (A) is called ‘Load Equation’.
To find out moment carrying capacity of the column we
take moment about plastic centroid.
P h a  h   h
u
 e  M  Cc     Cs   d  T d  
φ n
2 2  2   2
h d  d'
Let, d” =  d'  and e′ = d′′ + e
2 2
Considering moment about center line of tension steel.

Pu  a  d  d 
 e' M n  Cc d   Cs  
φ  2 

Now, considering moment about plastic centroid in

terms of d′′,

P a
u
 e  M  Cc d  d    Cs d  d  d  T  d
φ n  2 

 a
M  0.85 f b a d  d   As fs d  d  d  As fs  d
  (B)
n c  2 

Equation (B) is called ‘Moment Equation’.

CASE 1: PURE COMPRESSION FAILURE
We know that,
Pn = Cc + Cs − T

But in this case there is pure 0.85 fc

compression,
so, tension steel is not present
AS Cc AS
Ast = As + As′ and Cs = C1 + C2
C1 C2
Pn  0.85 fcAc  Ast fy
Figure 2
Pn  0.85 fc (Ag  Ast )  Ast fy

Pn = 0.85 fc′ Ag + ( fy – 0.85 fc′ ) Ast (Load Equation)

Mn = 0 (Moment Equation)
CASE 2: BALANCE FAILURE

For balanced condition,

a = ab = 1 cb (1)

First we need to find cb, in Fig. 3 comparing  c f g

and  a b c we get,
d
cb d  cb
 a
0.003 y cb

 d  cb  y
d f
cb  0.003 

 y  b c s 
c= 0.003
Now, d - cb e g
fy
fy = Es y y = Figure 3
Es
 cb in terms of fy is,
600 d
cb  (2)
600  fy
Using equation (2) in (1) yields,
 600 d 
a b  1  
y
 600  fy

=

In Fig. 3 comparing  c f g and  c d e we get,

cb c  d
 b
0.003 s
 cb  d  1
s  0.003  
 cb  1
 a b  1d 
s  0.003  
 a b 
 If εs′ < εy , then fs′ = Es. εs′

If εs′ ≥ εy , then fs′ = fy

and for balanced failure, fs= fy

So,
Pnb  0.85 fc'b a b  As'fs'  As fy

If As = As′ and fs′ = fy , then (Load Equations)

Pnb  0.85 fc'b ab

and
 a 
M n  0.85fc .b.a b d  d  b   As fs  d  d  d  As .fy d
 2
(MomentEquation)
CASE 3: PURE FLEXURAL FAILURE

In this case no axial load is acting is acting on the

column and column just behaves like a beam. Therefore,
Pn = 0

In Fig. 4 comparing  c f g d
and  c d e we get, s >> y a
c

c c  d d f

0.003 s b c s 
c= 0.003
c  d  1
s  0.003   d–c e g
 c  1
 a  1d  Figure 4

 s  0.003   (1)
 a 
Pn  0.85 fc'b a  As'fs'  As fs (Load Equations)

For pure flexural failure, fs = fy and Pn = 0, so

0  0.85 fc'b a  As'fs'  As fy (2)

Assuming, fs′ = fy and As′ = As , yields

0  0.85 fc'b a a0

This means that concrete is not taking any load which

is impossible. So, assumption is wrong i.e., compression
steel can not yield at pure flexural failure point.

Now as, εs′ < εy , therefore fs′ = Es. εs′

 a  1d 
Eq. (1) fs  600   (3)
 a 
Using equation (3) in (2) yields,
 a   1d 
0  0.85fc .b.a  As  600 
    As fy
 a 
Above equation results in a quadratic equation. We solve
above equation for the value of a and then using this
value in equation (3) we find fs′. Finally using these
values of a and fs′ in moment equation we find Mn.
a
M n  0.85fc.b.a d  d    As fs d  d  d  As .fy d
 2 
(MomentEquation)
and

Pn  0 (Load Equation)
CONCLUDED