Electrical Science - I

(IEC-102)
Lecture-04

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Nodal & Mesh Analysis

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example
Use both Nodal and Mesh Analysis to find v1

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example
Use both Nodal and Mesh Analysis to find v1

Answer: v1 = -45/14
Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad
Handy Circuit Analysis Techniques
 Both Nodal Analysis and Mesh Analysis require
that we develop a complete set of equations to describe
a circuit.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Handy Circuit Analysis Techniques
 Both Nodal Analysis and Mesh Analysis require
that we develop a complete set of equations to describe
a circuit.
 If only one particular current, voltage, or power
quantity is of interest to us, then there is no need to solve
for all the other variables.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Handy Circuit Analysis Techniques
 Both Nodal Analysis and Mesh Analysis require
that we develop a complete set of equations to describe
a circuit.
 If only one particular current, voltage, or power
quantity is of interest to us, then there is no need to solve
for all the other variables.

 There are several other techniques for isolating

specific parts of a circuit to simplify the analysis.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Super Position

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 The Superposition Theorem
In a linear network, the voltage across or the current
through any element any be calculated by adding
algebraically all the individual voltages or currents
caused by the separate independent sources acting alone,
i.e. with

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 The Superposition Theorem
In a linear network, the voltage across or the current
through any element any be calculated by adding
algebraically all the individual voltages or currents
caused by the separate independent sources acting alone,
i.e. with
all other independent sources disabled

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 The Superposition Theorem
In a linear network, the voltage across or the current
through any element any be calculated by adding
algebraically all the individual voltages or currents
caused by the separate independent sources acting alone,
i.e. with
all other independent sources disabled
• If it is an independent voltage source replace it
with a short circuit.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 The Superposition Theorem
In a linear network, the voltage across or the current
through any element any be calculated by adding
algebraically all the individual voltages or currents
caused by the separate independent sources acting alone,
i.e. with
all other independent sources disabled
• If it is an independent voltage source replace it
with a short circuit.
• If it is an independent current source replace it
with a open circuit.
Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad
 Applying Superposition
1. Leave one source ON and turn all other sources OFF
(or disable them)

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Applying Superposition
1. Leave one source ON and turn all other sources OFF
(or disable them)
a) Other voltage sources: set v = 0.
These become short circuits.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Applying Superposition
1. Leave one source ON and turn all other sources OFF
(or disable them)
a) Other voltage sources: set v = 0.
These become short circuits.
b) Other current sources: set i= 0.
These become open circuits.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Applying Superposition
1. Leave one source ON and turn all other sources OFF
(or disable them)
a) Other voltage sources: set v = 0.
These become short circuits.
b) Other current sources: set i= 0.
These become open circuits.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Applying Superposition
1. Leave one source ON and turn all other sources OFF
(or disable them)
a) Other voltage sources: set v = 0.
These become short circuits.
b) Other current sources: set i= 0.
These become open circuits.
c) Find the response due to this source acting alone.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Applying Superposition
1. Leave one source ON and turn all other sources OFF
(or disable them)
a) Other voltage sources: set v = 0.
These become short circuits.
b) Other current sources: set i= 0.
These become open circuits.
c) Find the response due to this source acting alone.
2. Add the resulting responses due to all independent
sources to find the total response.
Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad
 Application of Superposition
Use superposition to solve for the current ix .

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Response due to Voltage Source

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Response due to Voltage Source

First, turn off (or disable) the current source.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Response due to Voltage Source

First, turn off (or disable) the current source.

3
ix   0.2
69

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Response due to Current Source

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Response due to Current Source

Then, turn off (or disable) the voltage source.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Response due to Current Source

Then, turn off (or disable) the voltage source.

6
ix  (2)  0.8
69

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Total Response

Finally, add the responses due to independent sources

acting alone to get the total response.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Total Response

Finally, add the responses due to independent sources

acting alone to get the total response.

ix  ix  ix  0.2  0.8  1.0

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Superposition with a Dependent
Source
Use superposition to compute ix

When applying superposition to circuits with dependent

sources, these dependent sources are never turned off.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Superposition with a Dependent
Source

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Superposition with a Dependent
Source
current source off

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Superposition with a Dependent
Source
current source off

voltage source off

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Superposition with a Dependent
Source
current source off

voltage source off

ix = ix’ + ix’’=2 + (−0.6) = 1.4 A

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Source Transformation

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Source Transformation and
Equivalent Sources

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Source Transformation and
Equivalent Sources

The sources are equivalent if

Rs = Rp and vs = isRs

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Source Transformation

 The circuits (a) and (b) are

equivalent at the terminals.

 If given circuit (a), but circuit (b)

is more convenient, switch them!

 This process is called source

transformation.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example: Source Transformation
Find the current I in the circuit below using source
transformation.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example: Source Transformation
Find the current I in the circuit below using source
transformation.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example: Source Transformation
Find the current I in the circuit below using source
transformation.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example: Source Transformation
Find the current I in the circuit below using source
transformation.

Answer: I = (45-3)/(5+4.7+3) = 3.307 mA

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Thevenin and Norton Equivalent
Circuits

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Thévenin Equivalent Circuit
Thévenin’s theorem: It states that a linear two-terminal circuit
can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage
source VTh in series with a resistor RTh, where VTh is the open-
circuit voltage at the terminals and RTh is the input or equivalent
resistance at the terminals when the independent sources are
turned off.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Thévenin Equivalent Circuit
Thévenin’s theorem: It states that a linear two-terminal circuit
can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage
source VTh in series with a resistor RTh, where VTh is the open-
circuit voltage at the terminals and RTh is the input or equivalent
resistance at the terminals when the independent sources are
turned off.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Finding Thévenin Equivalent
Circuit
 Disconnect the load.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Finding Thévenin Equivalent
Circuit
 Disconnect the load.

 Find the open circuit voltage voc

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Finding Thévenin Equivalent
Circuit
 Disconnect the load.

 Find the open circuit voltage voc (voc = VTh)

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Finding Thévenin Equivalent
Circuit
 Disconnect the load.

 Find the open circuit voltage voc (voc = VTh)

 Find the equivalent resistance Req of the network with

all independent sources turned off.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Finding Thévenin Equivalent
Circuit
 Disconnect the load.

 Find the open circuit voltage voc (voc = VTh)

 Find the equivalent resistance Req of the network with

all independent sources turned off.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Thévenin Equivalent Circuit

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Thévenin Equivalent Circuit

VTH = voc
RTH = Req

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Thévenin Example (1 of 6)
Find the Thevenin equivalent of Network A

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Thévenin Example (2 of 6)
Thevenin Voltage (VTh)

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Thévenin Example (3 of 6)
Thevenin Voltage (VTh)

VTh = Voc = 8 V

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Thévenin Example (4 of 6)
Thevenin Resistance (RTh)

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Thévenin Example (5 of 6)
Thevenin Resistance (RTh)

RTh = 9 Ω

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Thévenin Example (6 of 6)
Thevenin Equivalent of Network A

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Norton Equivalent Circuit
Norton’s theorem: It states that a linear two-terminal circuit can
be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source
IN in parallel with a resistor RN, where IN is the short-circuit
current through the terminals and RN is the input or equivalent
resistance at the terminals when the independent sources are
turned off.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Norton Equivalent Circuit
Norton’s theorem: It states that a linear two-terminal circuit can
be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source
IN in parallel with a resistor RN, where IN is the short-circuit
current through the terminals and RN is the input or equivalent
resistance at the terminals when the independent sources are
turned off.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Finding Norton Equivalent Circuit
 Disconnect the load (if any).

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Finding Norton Equivalent Circuit
 Disconnect the load (if any).
 Short the terminals and find the short circuit current
isc

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Finding Norton Equivalent Circuit
 Disconnect the load (if any).
 Short the terminals and find the short circuit current
isc (isc = IN)

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Finding Norton Equivalent Circuit
 Disconnect the load (if any).
 Short the terminals and find the short circuit current
isc (isc = IN)
 Find the equivalent resistance Req of the network with
all independent sources turned off (Req = RN)

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Thévenin Equivalent Circuit

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Thévenin Equivalent Circuit

IN = isc
RN = Req

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Source Transformation: Norton
and Thevenin
The Thévenin and Norton equivalents are source
transformations of each other!

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Source Transformation: Norton
and Thevenin
The Thévenin and Norton equivalents are source
transformations of each other!

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Source Transformation: Norton
and Thevenin
The Thévenin and Norton equivalents are source
transformations of each other!

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Source Transformation: Norton
and Thevenin
The Thévenin and Norton equivalents are source
transformations of each other!

RTH = RN = Req and VTH = iNReq

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad
 Example: Norton and Thévenin

Find the Thévenin and Norton equivalents for the

network faced by the 1 kΩ resistor.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example: Norton and Thévenin

Find the Thévenin and Norton equivalents for the

network faced by the 1 kΩ resistor.

load resistor

this is the circuit to be simplified

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Example: Thévenin Equivalent
Finding the Thévenin voltage (VTh)

+
VTh= Voc

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Example: Thévenin Equivalent
Finding the Thévenin voltage (VTh)

+
VTh= Voc

VTh = Voc = 8 V

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Example: Thévenin Equivalent
Finding the Thévenin resistance (RTh)

RTh= Req

RTh = Req = 5 kΩ

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Example: Thévenin Equivalent

Thévenin
1 kΩ
Equivalent

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Example: Norton and Thévenin

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example: Norton and Thévenin

Thévenin Equivalent

1 kΩ

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example: Norton and Thévenin

Thévenin Equivalent

Source
1 kΩ Transformation

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example: Norton and Thévenin

Thévenin Equivalent Norton Equivalent

Source
1 kΩ Transformation

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad