THERMOMETERS

GROUP MEMBERS:
• ADRIANNA APPARACIO
• AMANDA MANDMOTH
• RAQUEL DUNCAN
 WHAT IS A
THERMOMETER ?
A THERMOMETER IS AN INSTRUMENT USED TO MEASURE TEMPERATURE. IT IS ABLE TO MEASURE DEGREES OF
HOTNESS OR COLDNESS OF AN OBJECT.
TYPES OF THERMOMETERS
• CLINICAL THERMOMETER.
• LABORATORY THERMOMETER
• DIGITAL THERMOMETER
• EAR ( TYMPANIC) THERMOMETER
• MERCURY THERMOMETER
CLINICAL THERMOMETERS
A CLINICAL THERMOMETER IS A THERMOMETER USED FOR MEASURING BODY TEMPERATURE.

HOW DOES A CLINICAL THERMOMETER WORK ?

THERE ARE 3 WAYS TO USE A CLINICAL THERMOMETER:
ORAL- THE THERMOMETER IS PLACED GENTLY UNDER THE TONGUE. THIS IS USE FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS.
RECTAL- THE THERMOMETER IS INSERTED INTO THE RECTUM. IT IS MOSTLY DONE IN CHILDREN UP TO 3 YEARS,BUT CAN ALSO BE DONE
ON CHILDREN OLDER THAN 3 YEARS.
AUXILLARY- THE THERMOMETER IS PLACED BELOW THE ARMPIT AND IS USED ON ANYONE USUALLY FOR THOSE WHO CAN’T SAFETY DO
AN ORAL.
 WHY THE DESIGN OF A
CLINICAL THERMOMETER?
THEY ARE DESIGNED FOR CLINICAL USE IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS. THE DESIGN OF SUCH THERMOMETERS( CLINICAL) IS USED TO
RISK CROSS CONTAMINATION BETWEEN PATIENTS TEMPERATURES IN THE HUMAN BODY. IN THE HUMAN BODY THE NORMAL
TEMPERATURE IS 98.6 ° FAHRENHEIT AND 37 ° IN CELSIUS. THE TEMPERATURE IS USUALLY LOW IN THE MORNING AND INCREASES
DURING THE DAY; HIGHEST IN THE EVENING.
WHAT IS A FEVER?

A FEVER IS CONSIDERED AS 38 DEGREES CELSIUS OR 100.4 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT.

 LABORATORY
THERMOMETERS
THIS IS BASICALLY A THERMOMETER USED TO MEASURE TEMPERATURE. THIS CAN BE USED FOR A LOT OF USES IN LAB SUCH
AS TESTING LIQUIDS,FOOD, PETROLEUM AND THE ENVIRONMENT.
HOW IS A LABORATORY THERMOMETER USED?
LABORATORY THERMOMETER RANGES FROM -10° C TO 110°C. LABORATORY THERMOMETERS ARE DESIGNED FOR LAB
PURPOSES SUCH AS CHECKING BOILING POINT, FREEZING POINT OR TEMPERATURE OF OTHER SUBSTANCES.
 DIGITAL THERMOMETERS
THERMOCOUPLE ARE ALSO USED IN DIGITAL THERMOMETERS, OF WHICH BOTH SIMPLE AND
INTELLIGENT VERSIONS.A SIMPLE DIGITAL THERMOMETERS IS THE COMBINATION OF A
THERMOCOUPLE, A BATTERY POWERED,DUAL- SLOPE DIGITAL BOLT METER TO MEASURE THE
THERMOCOUPLE OUTPUT, AND AN ELECTRONIC DISPLAY.
WHAT ARE DIGITAL THERMOMETERS USED FOR?
THEY ARE MOST COMMONLY USED TO RECORD TEMPERATURES FROM THE MOUTH,ARMPIT AND
RECTUM.. IT IS USES TO VERIFY A SMART TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTER UNDER THE FLOWING
CONDITIONS AND A SUCCESSFUL CALIBRATION OF THE SMART TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTER.
 WHY THE DESIGN OF A
DIGITAL THERMOMETER?
THE DEVICE DISPLAY TEMPERATURE INFORMATION NUMERICALLY.THUS HELP TO AVOID THE LIMITATION DUE TO PARALLAX ERROR IN
ANALOGUE DEVICE.THE WHOLE SYSTEM INCORPORATES A MICROCONTROLLER WHICH IS INTERFACED TO OTHER COMPONENTS.THE
COMPONENT INCLUDE TEMPERATURE SENSORS,AN ANALOGUE –TO – DIGITAL CONVERTER,AN 8051 MICROCONTROLLER AND A 16×2 LCD
DISPLAY UNIT.THE SENSOR SENSES TEMPERATURE AND GENERATES AN ANALOGUE VOLTAGE WHICH IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE SENSED
TEMPERATURE.
 EAR ( TYMPANIC)THERMOMETERS

A TYMPANIC THERMOMETER ALSO KNOWN AS AN EAR THERMOMETER, IS A THERMOMETER USED TO TAKE TEMPERATURE IN THE EAR BY
READING THE INFRARED HEAT IN THE EAR.

PROS AND CONS OF EAR THERMOMETERS:

PROS
• IT CAN BE USED QUICKLY IF POSITIONED RIGHT
• IT IS APPROPRIATE FOR CHILDREN OLDER THAN 6 YEARS OR ADULTS.

CONS
• IF THERE IS WAX IN THE EARS IT CAN INTERFERE WITH THE THERMOMETERS READING
• IT CAN’T BE USED WITH NEWBORNS
 TEMPERATURE
• A NORMAL EAR TEMPERATURE IS 99.1° FAHRENHEIT AND 37° C.
• 100.4° FAHRENHEIT IS CONSIDERED AS A POSSIBLE FEVER USING AND EAR THERMOMETER, BUT IS NOT ALWAYS
ACCURATE. WITH EAR THERMOMETER YOU DO NOT NEED TO ADD A DEGREE,AS DOCTORS HAVE THEIR OWN CHART TO
TELL WETHER OR NOT THE TEMPERATURE IS HIGH OR LOW.IN ORDER FOR A PROPER READING THE DOCTOR MUST
REMOVE ANY SORT OF WAX IN THE PATIENTS EAR FIRST USING A WATERPIK DEVICE OR DROPS OR WAX SOFTENER TO
FLUSH IT OUT.

•
MERCURY THERMOMETERS
A MERCURY THERMOMETER IS A TOOL USED TO MEASURE TEMPERATURE. THE THERMOMETER USUALLY HAS A SMALL RESERVE OF
LIQUID MERCURY IN IT’S BASE,WHICH IS MOST OFTEN PRESSURIZED ; ABOVE IT IS USUALLY A GLASS OR SYNTHETIC TUBE WITH A
CALIBRATED TEMPERATURE SCALE. MERCURY, WHICH IS A CHEMICAL ELEMENT, RISES AND FALLS IN RESPONSE TO TEMPERATURE
CHANGES AND WATCHING WHERE IT STOPS ALONG THE SCALE PROVIDES A READING OF HOW HOT OR COLD A PARTICULAR SUBSTANCE IS.
MERCURY THERMOMETERS CAN BE USED TO DETERMINE BODY,LIQUID AND VAPOR TEMPERATURE.

HOW DOES A MERCURY THERMOMETER WORK?

A MERCURY THERMOMETER HAS A BULB WITH A CAPILLARY TUBE ATTACHED TO IT SURROUNDED BY GLASS TUBE CASING
ON WHICH DEGREES ARE MENTIONED, SO WHEN ITS BULB HAVING MERCURY FILLED IN IT ,COME IN TOUCH WITH
SOMETHING HOT OR COLD OR EVEN MODERATE TEMPERATURE, THE MERCURY IN THE CAPILLARY TUBE ATTACHED TO IT
RISES OR FALLS ACCORDING TO THE TEMPERATURE OF THE BODY IN CONTACT WITH ITS BULB.
 WHY THE DESIGN OF A
MERCURY THERMOMETER?
MERCURY THERMOMETERS ARE DESIGNED UTILIZING THE IDEA THAT MERCURY EXPANDS WITH HEAT. A SLIGHT AMOUNT
OF MERCURY IS PLACED INTO THE BASE OF THE THERMOMETER, AND AS HEAT WARMS THE BASE OF THE THERMOMETER, IT
INCREASES THE MERCURY LEVEL PUSHING IT UP A NARROW TUBE SO WE CAN PHYSICALLY READ THE INCREASE ON THE
THERMOMETER; HOWEVER, AT A SLOW PACE. MERCURY IS USED BECAUSE IT REMAINS LIQUID THROUGHOUT VARIOUS
TEMPERATURES AS OPPOSED TO WATER,WHICH FREEZES IN COLDER TEMPERATURES. MERCURY THERMOMETERS ARE ALSO
DESIGNED TO WITHSTAND BOILING TEMPERATURES.
 THE END
HOPE YOU ENJOYED!!😄