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• Igneous Rocks
• Metamorphic Rocks
Figure11.1, p. 399
The Crust and its Composition
less dense felsic minerals (from feldspar and silica) dominate the
igneous rocks of the upper crust while more dense mafic and ultramafic
(iron and magnesium) minerals dominate those of the lower crust
Figure11.4, p. 401
Igneous Rocks
Intrusive (plutonic) igneous
rocks
Figure11.4, p. 401
Igneous Rocks
Extrusive (volcanic) igneous
rocks
andesite: intermediate
extrusive igneous rock
(same minerals as diorite)
Figure11.4, p. 401
Plutonic Rock in N. America
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/North_america_rock_plutonic.jpg
Volcanic Rock in N. America
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/North_america_rock_volcanic.jpg
Igneous Rocks
a body of intrusive
igneous rock is called
a pluton (granite
typically accumulates
in enormous plutons,
called batholiths
extending down
several kilometers
and occupying an
area of several
thousand square
kilometers)
a sill is a plate-like
pluton formed when
magma forces its way
between two
preexisting (usually
sedimentary) rock
Figure 11.9, p. 404
layers
Igneous Rocks
a dike is a wall-like
pluton formed
when a vertical
rock fracture is
forced open by
magma
magma entering
small, irregular,
branching
fractures in the
surrounding rock
solidifies in a
branching network
of thin veins
Figure 11.9, p. 404
Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks
mineral alteration occurs when the minerals in igneous rocks are
transformed chemically into new minerals that are more stable at or
near the Earth’s surface
Clastic
sediment
consists of
inorganic
rock and
mineral
fragments,
called clasts
limestone marble
shale slate
sandstone quartzite
granite gneiss
basalt schist
The Cycle of Rock Change
the cycle of rock change
describes how Earth
materials are cycled and
recycled by Earth
processes over
geologic time
in the surface
environment, rocks
weather into sediment