Theory and Designing of Structures

Lecturer: Clifford Grant

1
 Rules
 Please place all cellphones on silent
 Respect your peers
 Interrupting others is impolite
 Please listen attentively

2
Lets recap our previous lesson
Discussion on Home Work
 In-class Activity
Lets watch this video clipping

World's Funniest Engineering Fails.mp4

Record at least five (5) things that you

think stood out.
Common Types of Forces within the
Construction Industry
What is stress?
 Stress
• Stress is defined as force per unit area that the
force acts upon. 
• Stresses are either tensile or compressive.
• Structural materials are chosen by their ability
to resist tensile or compressive forces,
depending upon the application.  Most
materials are better at resisting one or the
other.
What exactly is strain?
 Strain
• Strain is related to change in dimensions and
shape of a material. The most elementary
definition of strain is when the deformation is
along one axis:
Stress or Strain?
Stress or Strain?
 Stress and Strain Relationship
• When a material is stretched, the change in
length and the strain are positive. When it is
compressed, the change in length and strain
are negative.
• This conforms with the signs of the stresses
which would accompany these strains, tensile
stresses being positive and compressive
stresses negative.
Point out areas of stress and possible areas of
strain
Lets take a look at a few Photos
What’s your comment?
 Lets watch this video

Why Bridges Move....mp4

Record at least five (5) things that you think

stood out.
 Thermal Movement in Concrete
• The amount of thermal expansion and
contraction of concrete varies with factors
such as type and amount of aggregate, richness
of mixture, water-cement ratio, temperature
range, concrete age, and degree of saturation
of concrete
 Thermal Movement in Concrete
• Movements occur at the exposed surface of the
concrete, which cools off more quickly, before they
occur in the interior of the section, leading frequently
to additional warping or curling effects.
• Observations of buildings in service indicate the total
movement is usually less than half of that which might
be anticipated by combining the contraction due to
temperature drop with the shrinkage. This is due to
restraining effects of the reinforcing steel and
restraining effects of columns, walls, and foundations.
What happens to concrete when
influenced by certain factors
?
What’s your comment?
What’s your comment?
What’s your comment?
What’s your comment?
What’s your comment?
What’s your comment?
What’s your comment?
 Home Work
Conduct a small research on beam types used
within the construction industry.
Beams
 The End
Thank you and see you next class

34