Welcome to

general
chemistry class!
 The particulate
nature of matter
Chemistry deals with the study of matter and the
changes it undergoes. Therefore, matter is the
heart and soul of chemistry.

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Everything around us is an example of
matter. It includes all that can and cannot be
seen, like air. It also includes all that can be
touched like water. Thus, everything we see,
and touch are forms of matter.
The BIG question is

WHICH IS NOT MATTER?

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Energy is not matter. Heat, light and sound
are not matter. Energy enables us to do
work. It drives us to perform our jobs.
However, Energy like heat and light is not
an example of MATTER.

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Sound is not matter. We enjoy listening to
radios. We are able to hear sounds. But, we
cannot see and carry them. But, we can
carry things that produce sound like radio
and cassette. All those things are matter,
but sound is not.

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STATE OF MATTER

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All substances can exist in three states:
Solid, Liquid, and Gas. Those are made up
of microscopic particles, but the behaviors
of these particles differ in three states.

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 General Characteristics of
Solid State
Solid state is determined by following characteristics.
• Definite mass, volume, and shape
• Strong Intermolecular Forces
• In solids, the intermolecular forces are very strong, and the
constituent particles are closely packed. That is why; solids
are incompressible and have high density.

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 Incompressible

• The constituent particles of a solid are very closely

packed. The inter-particle distances are so small that if
we try to bring them closer, repulsions start between
their electron clouds.

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 High Density

The mass of solid is greater than that of liquids

and gases. Also, since solids have fixed volume,
solids show high density

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LIQUID

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 General characteristics of Liquid:

Liquids are almost incompressible. In liquids

molecules are close to each other. The molecules
does not have lot of space between them. The
molecules can not squeezed closer to one another.

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General characteristics of Liquid:

Liquids have fixed volume but no fixed shape.

They have fixed volume but they do not have
fixed or definite shape. 

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General characteristics of Liquid:
✘What is the maximum boiling point of water?
✗ 100 °C or 212 °F at 1 atmosphere of pressure (sea
level). However, the value is not a constant. The
boiling point of water depends on the atmospheric
pressure, which changes according to elevation.6

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Low Density

Gases contain scattered molecules that are dispersed

across a given volume and are therefore less dense than
in their solid or liquid states.

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 Indefinite Shape or Volume

Gases have no definite shape or volume. The random

movement of gas molecules allows them to expand or
contract to assume the volume of the container holding
them.

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Physical and
chemical
property of
matter
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 DIFFERENCES
PHYSICAL PROPERTY CHEMICAL PROPERTY
can be measured and are those that result when
observed without a new substance is
changing the produced. Thus, there is
composition or a change in the
identity of a compoistion of matter.
substance.
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Physical Properties
✘ color (intensive)
✘ density (intensive)
✘ volume (extensive)
✘ mass (extensive)
✘ boiling point (intensive): the temperature at which
a substance boils
✘ melting point (intensive): the temperature at
which a substance melts
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Chemical Properties
✘Examples of chemical properties include
flammability, toxicity, acidity, reactivity (many
types), and heat of combustion.

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CHEMICAL CHANGES

✘ A new compound (product) results from a chemical

change as the atoms rearrange themselves to form
new chemical bonds.
✘Burning wood
✘Souring milk
✘Mixing acid and base
✘Digesting food 23
 PHYSICAL CHANGES

✘ No new chemical species forms in a physical change.

Changing the state of a pure substance between solid,
liquid, and gas phases of matter are all physical
changes since the identity of the matter does not
change.

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PHYSICAL CHANGES
✘Crumpling a sheet of aluminum foil
✘Melting an ice cube
✘Casting silver in a mold
✘Breaking a bottle

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 THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

protons electron neutron

• Discovered by Ernest • Discovered by JJ • Discovered by James
Rutherford Thompson Chadwick
• The atomic number is the • Atomic mass • Atomic mass 1.0078
equal to the number of 0.00054858 Amu
protons in an atom.
• Atomic mass 1.0073 in
Amu
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 ATOMIC NUMBER, MASS NUMBER AND
ISOTOPES

ATOMIC NUMBER = PROTON AND ELECTRON

MASS NUMBER
= NUMBER OF PROTONS + NUMBER OF NEUTRONS
= ATOMIC NUMBER + NUMBER OF NEUTRONS
NEUTRON
= MASS NUMBER - ATOMIC NUMBER

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