Schwarzschild

Metric
Derivation

2 2 2 2 2
−𝑟 𝑑 𝜃 − 𝑟 ( sin 𝜃 ) 𝑑 𝜙
 Einstein Field Equations

Complete in any order

Relativity 108 Relativity 109 Relativity 110

Black Holes Gravitational Cosmology
Waves
Schwarzschild Metric (in Schwarzschild coordinates):
For a mass that’s:
• Spherically symmetric
• Non-rotating
• (and uncharged)
Describes:
• Slowly rotating planets/stars
• Non-rotating Black Holes
Predicts:
• Gravitational time dilation
• Gravitational doppler effect
• Bending of light due to gravity
• Shift in perihelion of orbits
• Existence of black holes with
event horizon of size
 Nov 1915: Einstein publishes Field
Equations for General Relativity

Jan 13, 1916: Schwarzschild’s Paper

“On the Gravitational Field of a
Mass Point according to Einstein’s
Theory” [link in description]
https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/9905030

Karl Schwarzschild May 11, 1916: Schwarzschild’s death

(1873-1916)
Relativity 108:
Schwarzschild Solution
a. Schwarzschild Metric Derivation
b. Interpretation of Schwarzschild Metric
• Gravitational Time Dilation, Event Horizon
c. Schwarzschild Geodesics
• gravitational lensing, perihelion shift
d. Alternative coordinates in Schwarzschild geometry
e. Gravitational Doppler Effect
Later?: Rotating Black Holes? (Kerr Solution)
Solve the Einstein Field Equations:

( is made of 2nd
derivatives of ) Put in: Energy-
Get out: Metric Momentum
Tensor Tensor
(description of geometry (description of mass-
of spacetime) energy and momentum)
 Metric Tensor
Connection Coefficients

(gives paths of
Geodesic Equation
2 𝜎 𝜇 𝜈
𝑑 𝑥 𝜎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
masses and light) + Γ 𝜇𝜈 =0
𝑑𝜆
2
𝑑𝜆 𝑑𝜆
Black Hole spacetime metric solutions:

Non-rotating Rotating
1. Schwarzschild 2. Kerr
Uncharged Solution Solution
3. 4. Kerr-Newman
Charged Reissner-Nordström
Solution
Solution
 Interior of body

Non-cosmological
scales

(consider
Vacuum outside
exterior/vacuum
body has
solution only!)

EFE for Vacuum solution

“Ricci Flat”
 Vacuum outside
body has
“Ricci Flat”
(no immediate volume changes
due to curvature of spacetime)
tidal forces

Vacuum outside
body has
(curved spacetime)
[ ] [ ]
𝑔𝑡𝑡 𝑔𝑡𝑥 𝑔 𝑡𝑦 𝑔𝑡𝑧 1 0 0 0
𝑔 𝑥𝑡 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑔 𝑥𝑦 𝑔𝑥𝑧 0 −1 0 0
𝑔 𝑦𝑡 𝑔 𝑦𝑥 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑔 𝑦𝑧 0 0 −1 0
𝑔 𝑧𝑡 𝑔 𝑧𝑥 𝑔 𝑧𝑦 𝑔 𝑧𝑧 0 0 0 −1
𝑔 𝜇𝜈=𝑔𝜈𝜇 Minkowski Metric

𝑀 Curved
Spacetime 𝑀
(Almost) Flat
Spacetime
 Quick Review of
Spherical Coordinates

( check timestamps to skip )

Cartesian Coordinates Spherical Coordinates
 Spherical Coordinates

𝜃
𝑟
𝜙
𝑐𝑡𝑟 𝜃𝜙

0123
𝑔 𝜇𝜈 Greek Letters = all 4 spacetime indices

𝑀 𝑖𝑗 Latin/English Letters = 3 space indices

(unchanged)
metric convention
timelike
spacelike

(unchanged)
 Metric Tensor
⃗
𝑒𝜇
Angles 𝛼 ⃗
𝑒𝜈
Lengths

(OR)
[ ][ ]
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 −1 0 0 0 −1 0 0
0 0 −1 0 0 0 −𝑟 2
0
2
0 0 0 −1 0 0 0 2
−𝑟 ( sin 𝜃 )
Minkowski Metric Minkowski Metric
(cartesian coordinates) (spherical coordinates)
𝜃
𝜙
[ ][ ]
𝑔𝑡𝑡 𝑔𝑡𝑟 𝑔𝑡 𝜃 𝑔𝑡 𝜙 1 0 0 0
𝑔 𝑟𝑡 𝑔 𝑟𝑟 𝑔𝑟 𝜃 𝑔𝑟 𝜙 0 −1 0 0
𝑔𝜃 𝑡 𝑔𝜃 𝑟 𝑔 𝜃𝜃 𝑔 𝜃𝜙 0 0 −𝑟
2
0
2
𝑔 𝜙𝑡 𝑔𝜙 𝑟 𝑔 𝜙𝜃 𝑔 𝜙𝜙 0 0 0 2
−𝑟 ( sin 𝜃 )

𝑔 𝜇𝜈=𝑔𝜈𝜇 Minkowski Metric

𝑀 Curved
Spacetime 𝑀
(Almost) Flat
Spacetime
 [ ]
Static (in time): 𝑔𝑡𝑡 𝑔𝑡𝑟 𝑔𝑡 𝜃 𝑔𝑡 𝜙
𝑔 𝑟𝑡 𝑔 𝑟𝑟 𝑔𝑟 𝜃 𝑔𝑟 𝜙
• doesn’t change 𝑔𝜃 𝑡 𝑔𝜃 𝑟 𝑔 𝜃𝜃 𝑔 𝜃𝜙
𝑔 𝜙𝑡 𝑔𝜙 𝑟 𝑔 𝜙𝜃 𝑔 𝜙𝜙

𝑔 𝑡𝑖=⃗ ⃗𝑖 → ( − ⃗
𝑒𝑡 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑒𝑡 ) ⋅ ⃗
𝑒𝑖 =− 𝑔𝑡 𝑖 ⇒
𝑔 𝑡𝑡= ⃗ ⃗𝑡 → ( − ⃗
𝑒𝑡 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑒𝑡 ) ⋅ ( − ⃗
𝑒𝑡 )=+ 𝑔𝑡𝑡
 [ ]
Static (in time): 𝑔𝑡𝑡 𝑔𝑡𝑟 𝑔𝑡 𝜃 𝑔𝑡 𝜙
𝑔 𝑟𝑡 𝑔 𝑟𝑟 𝑔𝑟 𝜃 𝑔𝑟 𝜙
𝑔𝜃 𝑡 𝑔𝜃 𝑟 𝑔 𝜃𝜃 𝑔 𝜃𝜙
Formal Definition: 𝑔 𝜙𝑡 𝑔𝜙 𝑟 𝑔 𝜙𝜃 𝑔 𝜙𝜙
Static spacetime =
has a timelike killing vector + is irrotational

(we’ll use simplified

definition for now)
 [ ]
Spherical Symmetry 𝑔𝑡𝑡 0 0 0
0 𝑔𝑟𝑟 𝑔𝑟 𝜃 𝑔𝑟 𝜙
• components should use
0 𝑔𝜃 𝑟 𝑔 𝜃𝜃 𝑔𝜃𝜙
metric for sphere of
0 𝑔𝜙 𝑟 𝑔 𝜙𝜃 𝑔 𝜙𝜙
radius
• Allow for radial scaling
function

[ ]
2
𝑟 0
2 2
0 𝑟 ( sin 𝜃 )
 [ ]
Spherical Symmetry 𝑔𝑡𝑡 0 0 0
0 𝑔𝑟𝑟 𝑔𝑟 𝜃 𝑔𝑟 𝜙
• components should use
0 𝑔𝜃 𝑟 𝑔 𝜃𝜃 𝑔𝜃𝜙
metric for sphere of
0 𝑔𝜙 𝑟 𝑔 𝜙𝜃 𝑔 𝜙𝜙
radius
• Allow for radial scaling
function

[ ]
2
• Use negative signs 𝐶 (𝑟 )  𝑟 0
2 2
(spacelike convention) 0 𝐶 (𝑟 )   𝑟 ( sin 𝜃 )
 [ ]
Spherical Symmetry 𝑔𝑡𝑡 0 0 0
0 𝑔𝑟𝑟 𝑔𝑟 𝜃 𝑔𝑟 𝜙
• components should use
0 𝑔𝜃 𝑟 𝑔 𝜃𝜃 𝑔𝜃𝜙
metric for sphere of
0 𝑔𝜙 𝑟 𝑔 𝜙𝜃 𝑔 𝜙𝜙
radius
• Allow for radial scaling
function
• Use negative signs
[ ]
2
− 𝐶 (𝑟 )   𝑟 0
(spacelike convention) 0 2
− 𝐶 (𝑟 )  𝑟 ( sin 𝜃 )
2
 [ ]
𝑔𝑡𝑡 0 0 0
0 𝑔𝑟𝑟 𝑔𝑟 𝜃 𝑔𝑟 𝜙
0 𝑔𝜃 𝑟 −𝐶 (𝑟 )   𝑟
2
0
2 2
0 𝑔𝜙 𝑟 0 − 𝐶 (𝑟 )   𝑟 ( sin 𝜃 )

⃗
𝑒𝑟
⃗
𝑒𝜃 ⋅ ⃗
𝑒 𝑟 =0=𝑔 𝜃 𝑟 ⃗
𝑒𝑟
⃗
𝑒𝜙 ⋅ ⃗
𝑒𝑟 =0=𝑔 𝜙 𝑟
Schwarzschild Metric
𝐴(𝑟 ) − 𝐵(𝑟 )
Schwarzschild Metric
Schwarzschild Metric

(for simplicity,
just write as )
 MAGICAL
Some textbooks:

FUTURE
VISION

𝛼 𝛼
𝜕𝑟 𝐴 𝜕𝑟 𝑒 𝑒 𝜕𝑟 𝛼
= 𝛼 = =𝜕 𝑟 𝛼
𝐴 𝑒 𝑒
𝛼
Schwarzschild Metric

𝑔 𝜇𝜈 Γ 𝜎
𝜇𝜈 𝑅𝜇𝜈
Match Newtonian
Gravity
(weak field, low velocity)
Schwarzschild Metric

𝑔 𝜇𝜈 Γ 𝜎
𝜇𝜈 𝑅𝜇𝜈
Match Newtonian
Gravity
(weak field, low velocity)
 Mass density

Vacuum outside
body has

EFE for Schwarzschild solution

“Ricci Flat”
 Vacuum outside
body has
“Ricci Flat”
(no immediate volume changes
due to curvature of spacetime)
tidal forces

Vacuum outside
body has
(Curved spacetime)
Schwarzschild Connection Coefficients
Schwarzschild Connection Coefficients
Calculate:
•
•
•
•
(diagonal metric)
 (diagonal metric)

(𝑖 ≠ 𝑗 )
 (diagonal metric)

0 0 0 0
Γ =Γ =Γ =Γ =0
02 20 03 30
 (diagonal metric)

0 0 0 0
Γ =Γ =Γ =Γ =0
02 20 03 30
 (diagonal metric)

All other
(diagonal metric)
(diagonal metric)
(diagonal metric)
(diagonal metric)
 (diagonal metric)

(𝑖 ≠ 𝑗 ≠ 1)
(diagonal metric)
(diagonal metric)
(diagonal metric)
(diagonal metric)
 (diagonal metric)

( 𝜇 ≠ 3)
(diagonal metric)
(diagonal metric)
(diagonal metric)
Same for and
metric conventions!
Calculate:
•
• 𝑅𝜇𝜈 =0
•
 𝜌 𝜌 𝜌 𝛼 𝜌 𝛽 𝜌
𝑅 =𝜕 𝜇 Γ −𝜕𝜈 Γ +Γ Γ − Γ Γ
𝜎𝜇𝜈 𝜈𝜎 𝜇𝜎 𝜈𝜎 𝜇𝛼 𝜇𝜎 𝜈𝛽
𝜇 𝜇 𝜇 𝛼 𝜇 𝛽 𝜇
𝑅𝛾𝛿= 𝑅 =𝜕 𝜇 Γ − 𝜕𝛿 Γ +Γ Γ − Γ Γ
𝛾𝜇 𝛿 𝛿𝛾 𝜇𝛾 𝛿𝛾 𝜇𝛼 𝜇𝛾 𝛿 𝛽
 𝜌 𝜌 𝜌 𝛼 𝜌 𝛽 𝜌
𝑅 =𝜕 𝜇 Γ −𝜕𝜈 Γ +Γ Γ − Γ Γ
𝜎𝜇𝜈 𝜈𝜎 𝜇𝜎 𝜈𝜎 𝜇𝛼 𝜇𝜎 𝜈𝛽
 𝜌 𝜌 𝜌 𝛼 𝜌 𝛽 𝜌
𝑅 =𝜕 𝜇 Γ −𝜕𝜈 Γ +Γ Γ − Γ Γ
𝜎𝜇𝜈 𝜈𝜎 𝜇𝜎 𝜈𝜎 𝜇𝛼 𝜇𝜎 𝜈𝛽
 𝜌 𝜌 𝜌 𝛼 𝜌 𝛽 𝜌
𝑅 =𝜕 𝜇 Γ −𝜕𝜈 Γ +Γ Γ − Γ Γ
𝜎𝜇𝜈 𝜈𝜎 𝜇𝜎 𝜈𝜎 𝜇𝛼 𝜇𝜎 𝜈𝛽
 ′ ′
𝜕𝑟 𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 , 𝜕𝑟 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 2
×4 𝐴𝐵 𝑟
 2
×4 𝐴 𝐵𝑟
 2
×2 𝐴 𝐵
2 ′ ′
𝑅22=−2 𝐴𝐵+2 𝐴 𝐵 −𝑟 𝐴 𝐵+𝑟𝐴 𝐵 =0
 2 ′ ′
𝑅22=−2 𝐴𝐵+2 𝐴 𝐵 −𝑟 𝐴 𝐵+𝑟𝐴 𝐵 =0
𝑅00 + 𝑅11 = 0
 2 ′ ′
𝑅22=−2 𝐴𝐵+2 𝐴 𝐵 −𝑟 𝐴 𝐵+𝑟𝐴 𝐵 =0
 𝐴 ( 𝑟 ) 𝐵 ( 𝑟 ) =𝐾
𝑟 →∞ 𝑟 →∞

Constant for all

for all
 2 ′ ′
𝑅22=−2 𝐴𝐵+2 𝐴 𝐵 −𝑟 𝐴 𝐵+𝑟𝐴 𝐵 =0

′
⇒ 𝑟 𝐴 =1 − 𝐴
 ′
𝑟 𝐴 =1− 𝐴
Plug in and check:
“Schwarzschild Radius”
a.k.a. “Event Horizon”
Solve for “Schwarzschild
Radius”:

Force Schwarzschild
Metric…
⃗ 𝑚𝑀 …to match
𝑚 𝑎 = 𝐹 𝐺=𝐺 2 ( − ⃗
⃗ 𝑒𝑟 )
𝑟 Newtonian Gravity
(In limit of low velocity
+ weak gravity.)
This part of video, use cartesian coordinates:

(Minkowski metric in (Minkowski metric in

spherical coordinates) cartesian coordinates)
From Relativity 107f:

Geodesic Equation
2 𝜎 𝜇 𝜈
𝑑 𝑥 𝜎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇔ 𝑑𝜆
2
+ Γ 𝜇𝜈
𝑑𝜆 𝑑𝜆
=0
 []
Low-velocity limit 𝑐
• ⃗
𝑈→ 0
• 0
• 0
Weak gravity limit ‖h 𝜇𝜈‖≪ 1
Weak gravity limit ‖h 𝜇𝜈‖≪ 1
When doing When taking
summations derivatives
Newtonian
Gravitational Potential
for spherical mass :
Cartesian Coordinates Spherical Coordinates
“Schwarzschild Radius”
a.k.a. “Event Horizon”
Constant of
integration
⃗
𝐹 𝑔=− 𝑚 ( ∇ 𝜑 )
Constant
 ⃗
𝐹 𝑔=− 𝑚 ( ∇ 𝜑 )
Constant

~
lim 𝜑=𝜑 ∞
𝑟→∞
Schwarzschild Metric Non-cosmological
scales

Valid in Vacuum
outside mass
For a mass that’s:
• Spherically symmetric Static Spacetime:
• Uncharged
• Non-rotating • Symmetry
 2 𝐺𝑀
𝑟 𝑠= 2
𝑐

Next video: metric interpretation

• Gravitational time dilation
• How curved spacetime affects light
• Event Horizon