Endocrine Glands and Hormones

ENDOCRINE
GLANDS AND
THEIR
HORMONES
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Major Hormones of the Endocrine
HYPOTHALAMUS
• Portion of the brain that maintains
body’s internal balance (homeostasis)
• The link between the endocrine and
nervous systems
• Produces releasing and inhibiting
hormones, which STOP and START
the production of other hormones
throughout the body.
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Primary Hormones secreted
by hypothalamus:
• Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
– increases water absorption into the
blood by the kidneys
• Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
– stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to
stimulate FSH and LH, which work together
to ensure normal functioning of ovaries
and testes
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by hypothalamus:
• Growth-hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
– also known as somatostain
- prompts the pituitary to release GH
Growth-inhibiting releasing hormone
(GHIH)
- has the opposite effect
• Oxytocin
– involved in variety of processes ( body temp,
sleep cycles, release of breast milk)
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by hypothalamus:
• Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) /
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
– prompts the anterior pituitary to
stimulate breast milk production through the
production of prolactin.
- PIH inhibits prolactin, thereby milk
production
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THYROID
ESSENTIALS:
• Regulates metabolism
• Hormones:
1. T3 (Triiodothyronine)
2. T4 (Thyroxin)
3. Calcitonin
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THYROID:
• A thyroid that is functioning normally
produces approximately:
* 80 % T4
* 20 % T3
• Also produces (to a lesser extent)
calcitonin which helps control blood
calcium levels
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PARATHYROID:
• Regulates the body’s

calcium levels
• There are 4 parathyroid glands, and
are each about the size of a grain of
rice
• Located near each other.
• NOT related to thyroid gland
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PTH
• Regulates:
1. how much Ca is absorbed in your
diet
2. how much Ca is excreted by your
kidneys
3. how much Ca is stored in your
bones
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THYMUS
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ADRENAL GLAND:
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ADRENAL GLAND:
Adrenal Cortex: Adrenal Medulla:
• Outer part of the • Inner part of the
gland gland
• Produces hormones • Produces
that are vital to life nonessential
• Cortisol – helps hormones
regulate metabolism • Adrenaline- helps
& helps body body to react to
respond to stress stress
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HORMONES SECRETED BY:
Adrenal Cortex: Adrenal Medulla:
• Glucocorticoids • Epinephrine
- hydrocortisone (adrenaline)
(cortisol) • Norepinephrine
- corticosterone (noradrenaline)
• Mineral corticoids
- aldosterone
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PANCREAS
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PANCREAS
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PANCREAS
• Maintains the body’s blood
glucose (sugar) balance
• Primary hormones:
1. insulin
2. glucagon
• Diabetes – most common disorder
associated with the pancreas
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Hormones secreted by
pancreas:
1. Gastrin – aids digestion by
stimulating cells in the stomach to
produce acid
2. Glucagon – helps insulin
maintain normal blood glucose by
working in the opposite way of
insulin. Raises blood sugar
levels.
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Hormones secreted by
pancreas:
3. insulin – regulates blood

glucose by allowing many of our
body’s cells to absorb and use
glucose. This drops blood glucose
levels.
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PITUITARY GLAND
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PITUITARY GLAND
• Hormones help regulate the functions
of other endocrine glands
• The hypothalamus sends signals to
pituitary to release or inhibit pituitary
hormone production.
• Has 2 parts:
1. anterior and
2. posterior lobe
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Anterior Lobe Hormones:
• ACTH – stimulates the adrenal
glands to produce hormones
• FSH – works with LH to ensure
normal functioning of the ovaries and
testes
• GH – essential in early years to
maintaining a healthy body
composition and growth for children
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Anterior Lobe Hormones:
• LH – works with FSH to ensure
normal functioning of the ovaries
and testes
• Prolactin – stimulates breast milk
production
• TSH – stimulates the thyroid gland
to produce hormones
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Hormone Secreted by Target Tissue Effects
Follicle Stimulating Regulates the development of male and

Pituitary Gland Ovaries and Testes
Hormone female gametes
Reaction to long term stress; increases blood

Cortisol Adrenal gland Liver
glucose levels (energy)
Corticotropin Reaction to stress; tells pituitary gland to

releasing release adrenocorticotropic hormone
Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland
hormone (ACTH) which leads to increased blood
(CRH) glucose
Adrenocortico- Stimulates the release of cortisol and other

tropic hormone Pituitary gland Adrenal gland steroid hormones from the adrenal
(ACTH) cortex – increases blood glucose
Stimulates the release of egg in females;

Luteinizing stimulates secretion of sex hormones
Pituitary gland Ovaries and Testes
Hormone (LH) (testosterone, estrogen and
progesterone)
Prolactin Pituitary gland Mammary glands Stimulates milk production in breasts

Growth Hormone Stimulates protein synthesis and bone and
Pituitary gland All tissues
(GH) muscle growth
Thyroid Stimulating
Stimulates the synthesis and release of
Hormone Pituitary gland Thyroid gland
thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland
(TSH)
Antidiuretic
Stimulates reabsorption of water from the
Hormone Pituitary gland Kidneys, blood vessels
kidney; constricts blood vessels
(ADH)
Hormone Secreted by Target Tissue Effects
Mammary glands, Stimulates uterine contractions and milk
Oxytocin Pituitary gland
uterus production
Stimulates calcium to be deposited in bone
Calcitonin Thyroid gland Bone tissue
tissue in order to lower blood calcium levels
Stimulates bone cells to break down and
Parathryroid release calcium to blood; stimulates kidneys
Parathyroid
glands (back of Bone tissue; kidney to reabsorb calcium from urine; activates
Hormone (PTH)
thyroid) vitamin D which helps absorb calcium in
intestines
Increases blood sugar, increases blood
Epinephrine
Adrenal gland Liver, muscle pressure, increases heart rate in response
(adrenaline)
to stress – fight or flight
Decreases blood sugar, decreases blood
Norepinephrine
Adrenal gland Liver, muscle pressure, decreases heart rate in response
(noradrenaline)
to no stress – rest and digest
Retrieves sodium from fluid filtered in kidney
(urine); increases volume of blood which
Aldosterone Adrenal gland Kindey, sweat glands
increases blood pressure; stimulates
kidneys to get rid of potassium
Pancreas Stimulates liver to build glycogen from
Insulin (islets of Liver glucose and helps cells take up glucose 
langerhans) decreases blood glucose
Pancreas
Stimulates liver to break down glycogen to
Glucagon (islets of Liver
glucose  increases blood glucose
langerhans)
Endocrine
Disorders
The Endocrine System
Hypo – a disorder where a gland
is not secreting enough of a
hormone.
Hyper – a disorder where a gland

is secreting too much of a
hormone.
The Endocrine System
Malfunctions
Disease Symptom
Goiter Enlargement of the
thyroid (red round
gland in throat).
Diabetes Lack of insulin.
Nervous System vs. Endocrine
Nervous Endocrine
Type of
Chemical Neurotransmitters Hormones
Message
Pathway Neuron adjacent to other Bloodstream
neuron.
Extacellular fluid
outside of cell
Timing Quick reaction. Slow reaction
Short effect not very long Long lasting

lasting

Endocrine Glands and Hormones

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Endocrine Glands and Hormones

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ENDOCRINE

• Regulates the body’s

3. insulin – regulates blood

Follicle Stimulating Regulates the development of male and

Reaction to long term stress; increases blood

Corticotropin Reaction to stress; tells pituitary gland to

Adrenocortico- Stimulates the release of cortisol and other

Stimulates the release of egg in females;

Prolactin Pituitary gland Mammary glands Stimulates milk production in breasts

Hyper – a disorder where a gland

Short effect not very long Long lasting

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