‫المحاضرة التاسعة‬

Magnetic circuits

1
Magnetic flux

The magnetic flux lines

radiate from the north pole to
the south pole, returning to
the north pole through the
metallic bar
Symbol
Measured in webers Wb
Magnetic flux lines around
A current carrying conductor

Flux distribution of a current

carrying coil
Flux density
flux density: is the number of flux lines per unit area

Symbol B

Measured in Teslas Wb/m2

For the Figure shown

Permeability
If cores of different materials with the same physical
dimensions are used in the electromagnet , the
strength of the magnet will vary in accordance with the
core used. This variation in strength is due to the
greater or lesser number of flux lines passing through
the core

Symbol µ Measured in Wb/A.m

µ = µ0 µ r
The permeability of free space µ0

(vacuum) is
Nonmagnetic materials:
copper, aluminum, wood, glass, and air
Diamagnetic materials:
that have permeabilities slightly less than that of
free space.
Paramagnetic materials:
that have permeabilities slightly greater than that
of free space.
Ferromagnetic materials
iron, nickel, steel, cobalt, and alloys of these
metals
Permeabilities of ferromagnteic is hundreds and
even thousands of times that of free space
Reluctance
The reluctance of a material to the setting up of magnetic
flux lines in the material

Symbol Measured in At/ Wb

From reluctance equation

 Reluctance is inversely proportional to the permeability.
 Reluctance is inversely proportional to the area.
 Reluctance is directly proportional to the length.
Ohm’s Law For Magnetic Circuits

Efect flux Wb

Cause magnetomo
tive force At
mmf
Opposition Reluctance At/Wb

This equation clearly indicates that an increase in the number of turns or

the current through the wire will result in an increased on the system to
establish flux lines through the core.
Magnitizing force
Magnetizing force is the magnetomotive force per unit
length

Symbol H Measured in At/ m

It is interesting to realize that the

magnetizing force is independent of
the type of core material, it is
determined solely by the number of
turns, the current, and the length of
the core.
Ampere’s Circutal Law
 

It states that the algebraic sum of the rises and

drops of the mmf around a closed loop of a
magnetic circuit is equal to zero;
that is, the sum of the rises in mmf equals the
sum of the drops in mmf around a closed loop.