OCCURRENCE, PROPERTIES AND

DISTRIBUTION OF ROCKS

GROUP 5:
JOHN CARLO C. ACIDO

JESSER TOPINIO

AARON GAYAP

BIEN PAZ

JOIHN MARK NATIVIDAD

 THREE TYPES OF ROCKS:

• IGNEOUS ROCKS
• SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• METAMORPHIC ROCKS
IGNEOUS ROCK
• IGNEOUS ROCK FORMS WHEN (MOLTEN ROCK) COOL AND CRYSTALIZES, EITHER
AT VOLCANOES ON THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH OR WHILE MELTED ROCK IS
STILL INSIDE THE CRUST.

• All magma develops underground, in the lower crust or upper mantle, because of the intense heat
there. Igneous rocks can have many different compositions, depending on the magma they cool from.
They can also look different base on their cooling conditions.
TWO MAIN CATEGORIES OF IGNEOUS ROCK
PROPERTIES
FORMATION

• IGNEOUS ROCKS ARE

CLASSIFIED BY WHERE
THEY ARE FORMED. THOSE
THAT ARE FORMED UNDER
THE EARTH’S SURFACE ARE
KNOWN AS INTRUSIVE
ROCKS. THOSE FORMED
ABOVE THE EARTH’S
SURFACE ARE EXTRUSIVE
ROCKS.
 COOLING AND GRAIN
• SOME IGNEOUS RICKS COOL QUICKLY, IN DAYS OR WEEKS, WHILE OTHERS COOL SLOWLY
OVER A THOUSANDS TO MILLIONS OF YEARS. THOSE THAT COOL QUICKLY TEND TO HAVE
A FINER GRAIN OR A GLASSY TEXTURE. THOSE THAT COOL SLOWER HAVE LARGER
CRYSTALS OR A COARSE GRAIN. EXAMPLES INCLUDE GABBRO, DIORITE, GRANITE.
COLOR AND
COMPOSITION
• IGNEOUS ROCKS ARE
CALSSIFIED BY THREE TYPES
OF COLORS AND COMPOSITION.
THOSE WITH LIGHT COLORS
ARE KNOWN AS FEISIC. THOSE
WITH INTERMEDIATE COLORS
ARE KNOWN AS INTERMIDIATE.
AND INCLUDE DIORITE,
ANDESITE AND SCORIA. DARK-
COLORED ROCKS ARE KNOWN
AS MAFIC. THIS INCLUDE
GABBRO, BASALT AND SCORIA.
 TEXTURE
• TEXTURE OF AN IGNEOUS ROCK(FINE
GRAIN VS COARSE-GRAINED) IS
DEPENDENT ON THE RATE OFF COOLING
OF THE MELT: SLOW COOLING ALLOWS
LARGE CRYSTALS TO FORM, FAST OF
COOLING YIELDS SMALL CRYSTALS.
MAGMA AND THEIR RESULTANT PLUTONIC
ROCK BODIES COOL AND CRYSTALIZE
SLOWLY AND ARE CHARACTERIZED BY
COARSE-GRAINED TEXTURE, IN WHICH
THE MINERAL CRYSTALS ARE VISIBLE TO
THE UNAIDED EYE. ON THE OTHER HAND,
LAVAS COOL QUICKLY AT THE EARTH’S
SURFACE AND ARE CHARACTERIZE BY
FINE-GRAINED TEXTURE IN WHICH THE
CRYSRALS ARE TOO SMALL TO BE SEEN BY
THE UNAIDED EYE.
DISTRIBUTION
IGNEOUS ROCK (DERIVED
FROM THE LATIN WORD
IGNIS MEANING FIRE), OR
MAGMATIC ROCK, IS ONE
OF THE THREE MAIN
ROCK TYPES, THE OTHERS
BEING SEDIMENTARY AND
METAMORPHIC. IGNEOUS
ROCK IS FORMED
THROUGH THE COOLING
AND SOLIDIFICATION OF
MAGMA OR LAVA.
SEDIMENTARY ROCK

• SEDIMENT
• LOOSE, SOLID PARTICLES ORIGINATING FROM:
 WEATHERING AND EROSION OF PRE-EXISTING ROCKS
 CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION FROM SOLUTION, INCLUDING SECRETION BY
ORGANISMS IN WATER
TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
 CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 ORGANIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
FORMED FROM BROKEN ROCK FRAGMENTS WEATHERED AND ERODED BY RIVER,
GLACIER, WIND, AND SEA WAVES.

ROCK FRAGMENTS INCLUDE PEBBLES, SAND, SILT, AND CLAY.

THESE ROCKS USUALLY FORM IN WATER ENVIRONMENTS SUCH AS, RIVERS, LAKES,
OCEANS, BUT CAN ALSO FORM IN DESERTS.

Breccia Conglomerate Sandstone Shale

  CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

• Formed when the water components evaporate, leaving dissolved minerals behind
• Very common in arid lands such as the deposits of salts and gypsum.
• These rocks usually form in water environments such as lakes and shallow seas or
oceans

LIMESTONE
ROCK SALT

ROCK GYPSUM
COQUINA
ORGANIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
FORMED FROM THE ACCUMULATION OF ANY ANIMAL OR
PLANT DEBRIS SUCH AS SHELLS AND BONES.

THESE PLANT AND ANIMAL DEBRIS HAVE CALCIUM MINERALS

IN THEM THAT PILE ON THE SEA FLOOR OVER TIME TO FORM
ORGANIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS.

CHALK, COAL, DIATOMITE, DOLOMITE

 PROPERTIES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

 TEXTURE
• TWO MAIN NATURAL TEXTURAL GROUPINGS EXIST FOR SEDIMENTARY ROCKS:
CLASTIC (OR FRAGMENTAL) AND NON-CLASTIC (ESSENTIALLY CRYSTALLINE).
 GRAIN CHARACTERISTICS
• The diameter or width of a clastic • Silt is the name of a sediment grain that
sediment grain determines its grain range in size from 0.625 mm to 0.0039
size. Specific ranges of grain size mm.
have specific names. • Mud is the smallest grain size and is also
• Gravel is an overall name for large known as clay. It is important to distinguish
sediment grain size, which includes the grain size called clay from the mineral
boulder, cobble, and pebble. called clay. Clay sized grains are foo small
• Sand includes sediment grains to see individually without the aid of a
ranging in size from 2mm to 0.625 microscope.
mm.
 ROUNDING
• CLASTIC SEDIMENT GRAINS CAN BE ROUND, ANGULAR, OR IN-BETWEEN
SUBANGULAR OR SUB-ROUNDED). ROUNDNESS OR ANGULARITY IS A MEASURE
OF THE SMOOTHNESS OF PARTICLES.
SORTING
• THE EXTENT TO WHICH ALL THE GRAINS ARE THE SAME SIZE
IS KNOWN AS SORTING. IF ALL THE GRAINS ARE THE SAME
SIZE, THEY ARE WELL SORTED.
 OTHER ASPECTS OF TEXTURE

• OTHER ASPECTS OF CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY TEXTURE INCLUDE THE PACKING OF

THE GRAINS, THE POROSITY OF THE ROCK, AND THE HARDNESS OF THE ROCK AS
A WHOLE.
• THE PACKING OF THE GRAINS APPLIES ONLY FOR POORLY SORTED SEDIMENTS IN
WHICH THE FINER CLASTS FORMA MATRIX AROUND THE COARSER CLASTS.
• THE POROSITY OF A ROCK OR SEDIMENT IS THE AMOUNT OF EMPTY SPACE
BETWEEN THE GRAINS OF SEDIMENT.
• THE HARDNESS OF THE ROCK REFERS OF HOW EASILY IT BREAKS APART
 OCCURRENCE &FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

• THE GENERAL WAY IN WHICH MOST SEDIMENTARY ROCKS FORM IS FROM THE
COMPACTION AND CEMENTATION OF SEDIMENTS.

 OCCURRENCE & FORMATION

Sedimentary rocks formed through five basic steps:

 Weathering
 Erosion
 Deposition
 Compaction
 Lithification
WEATHERING
BREAKING UP OF ROCKS INTO SMALLER PIECES OR FRAGMENTS THAT CAN BE
REFORMED INTO SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. WEATHERING TAKES PLACE IN LOTS OF
WAYS LIKE WIND, WATER, ICE OR FORCES CAUSING THE ROCKS TO BREAK INTO
SMALLER PIECES.

 EROSION
o THE MOVEMENT OR TRANSPORTATION OF PIECES OR CLASS OF ROCKS.
WEATHERING AND EROSION TAKE PLACE AT THE SAME TIME.
 DEPOSITION
EACH ROCK THAT IS MOVING OR BEING TRANSPORTED MUST COME TO A STOP.
THIS IS WHERE THE CLASTS OR PIECES OF ROCKS COME TO REST ON A
SURFACE.THIS CAN HAPPEN ON A RIVERBED, OR AT BOTTOM OF A ROCKSLIDE.

 COMPACTION
o AS THE LAYERS PILE UP THE ROCK UNDERNEATH BECOME COMPACTED
CLOSER TOGETHER. THIS REMOVES A LOT OF SPACE THAT'S BETWEEN THESE
PIECES OF ROCK AND THIS IS DONE AS MORE WEIGHT IS LAYERED ON TOP OF
THE ROCK.

 LITHIFICATION
o The process of cementing these rock pieces together. This takes place as minerals
dissolved in water sips into the spaces between rocks. These minerals work to
cement or glue these classes together.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
 WHAT IS THE OCCURRENCE OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS?

• THE OCCURRENCES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS CAN BE DEFINED ON THE BASIS OF

GEOLOGICAL SETTINGS. THE TYPES OF OCCURRENCES INCLUDE OROGENIC, OCEAN-
FLOOR, BURIAL, CONTACT, CATACLASTIC, IMPACT, AND HYDROTHERMAL. THE
SUBDIVISIONS ARE OFTEN DISTINCT, BUT OTHERS OVERLAP, OR TRANSITIONAL
FORMS EXIST BETWEEN THE VARIOUS GENETIC OCCURRENCES AND THE MAIN
OCCURRENCES, WHICH ARE REVIEWED BELOW.
 THREE TYPES OF METAMORPHISM
• CONTACT METAMORPHISM
• REGIONAL METAMORPHISM
• DYNAMIC METAMORPHISM

Contact Metamorphism occurs when magma comes into contact

with an already existing body of rock. The area affected by the
contact of magma is usually small from 1 to 10 kilometers.
Contact metamorphism produces non-foliate (rocks without any
cleavage) rocks such as marble, quartzite, and hornfels.
 REGIONAL METAMORPHISM OCCURS OVER A MUCH LARGER AREA IT IS
CAUSED BY LARGE GEOLOGIC PROCESSES SUCH AS MOUNTAIN BUILDING
THESE ROCKS WHEN EXPOSED TO THE SURFACE SHOW THE UNBELIEVABLE
PRESSURE THAT CAUSED THE ROCKS TO BE BENT AND BROKEN BY THE
MOUNTAIN BUILDING PROCESS. REGIONAL METAMORPHISM USUALLY
PRODUCES FOLIATED ROCKS LIKE GNEISS AND SCHIST.

• DYNAMIC METAMORPHISM ALSO OCCURS BECAUSE OF MOUNTAIN

BUILDING. THESE HUGE FORCES OF HEAT AND PRESSURE CAUSE THE ROCKS
TO BE BENT, FOLDED, CRUSHED, FLATTENED AND SHEARED.
 PRESSURE

Foliated Rock

SHALE (Sedimentary rock)

SLATE (Metamorphic rock)

Regional Metamorphism
HEAT
PROPERTIES
 FORMED UNDERGROUND
 THE LAYERS OF ROCK THAT CONSTITUTE EARTH’S SURFACE ARE CONTINUALLY
ADDED TO BY VARIOUS GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES. OVER TIME, THE WEIGHT OF THE
SURFACE PUSHES DOWN OLD LAYERS, CLOSER TO THE PLANET’S CORE. IN THIS
PROCESS, HEAT, PRESSURE, AND GRAVITY EXERT FORCE ON THESE ROCK LAYERS,
GRADUALLY TRANSFORMING THE CHARACTER OF THESE ROCK FORMATIONS.

What is metaphoric rock?

 Any of a class of rocks that result from the alternation of preexisting rocks in
response to changing environmental conditions, such as variations in temperature,
pressure, and mechanical stress, and the addition or subtraction of chemical
components. The preexisting rocks may be igneous, sedimentary, or other
metamorphic rocks.
 HOW DO METAMORPHIC ROCKS FORM?
METAMORPHIC ROCKS FORM WHEN ROCKS ARE SUBJECTED TO HIGH HEAT, HIGH
PRESSURE, HOT MINERAL-RICH FLUIDS, OR MORE COMMONLY, SOME COMBINATION OF
THESE FACTORS.

PROCESS OF METAMORPHISM
 THE PROCESS OF METAMORPHISM DOES NOT MELT ROCKS BUT INSTEAD
TRANSFORMS THEM INTO DENSER, MORE COMPACT ROCKS. NEW MINERALS ARE
CREATED EITHER BY REARRANGEMENT OF MINERAL COMPONENTS OR BY
REACTIONS THAT CAN EVEN CHANGE PREVIOUSLY METAMORPHOSED ROCKS INTO
NEW TYPES.

COMMON METAMORPHIC ROCKS

 Common metamorphic rocks include phyllite, schist, gneiss, quartzite and marble
TWO TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS
FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS;

- This has a layered or banded

appearance that is produced by
exposure to heat and directed
pressure. Example of this rock
is the slate, phyllite, schist, and
gneiss.
 
NON-FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS
- Such as hornfels, marble, quartize
and novaculite do not have a layered
or branded appearance. No matter
how much pressure you apply, the
grains will not align.
METAMORPHIC ROCK DISTRIBUTION
 
A HIGH-GRADE METAMORPHIC ROCK IS ONE THAT ORIGINATED AT TENS OF KILOMETERS BELOW
GROUND LEVEL AND THEN RESURFACED. AS A RESULT, METAMORPHIC AREAS ARE ALSO PAST OR
RECENT INTENSE OROGENY ZONES. SEDIMENTS HIDE THE MORE STABLE SECTIONS OF THE
EARTH'S CRUST, AND ONLY DEEP DRILLING WILL DISCLOSE THE METAMORPHIC ROCKS BENEATH.

THE CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS ARE THE TWO MAJOR UNITS THAT MAKE UP THE EARTH'S
CRUST. OCEAN FLOOR EXPLORATION HAS SHOWN THE ABSENCE OF ANCIENT, MASSIVE
SEDIMENTARY PILES. THIS IS ALMOST CERTAINLY CONNECTED TO CONTINENTAL DRIFT OR
SEAFLOOR SPREADING PROCESSES; SEDIMENTS ARE CONSTANTLY SWEPT UP BY CONTINENTAL
MOTION AND CONTRIBUTED TO CONTINENTS OR RETURNED TO THE UPPER MANTLE. THERE ARE
FEW SUBSTANTIAL SECTIONS OF THE EARTH'S CRUST THAT ARE NOT PERIODICALLY TOUCHED BY
AN IGNEOUS ERUPTION. VOLCANISM APPEARS TO BE A VERY RANDOM PROCESS, AT TIMES EVEN
HAPPENING IN THE CONTINENTS' STABLE SHIELD ZONES, DESPITE THE FACT THAT ITS STRENGTH
IS CONCENTRATED IN SPECIFIC GEOGRAPHIC PLACES (E.G., THE PACIFIC MARGIN). IN THIS WAY,
CONTACT-METAMORPHIC EVENTS CAN OCCUR PRACTICALLY EVERYWHERE ON EARTH AT
ALMOST ANY MOMENT. HOWEVER, AS COMPARED TO REGIONAL METAMORPHISM, THESE
METAMORPHIC EPISODES ARE OF MINOR VOLUMETRIC CONSEQUENCE.
 DISTRIBUTION OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS IN THE PHILIPPINES
IN THE PHILIPPINES MARBLE DEPOSITS ARE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED IN THE PROVINCE OF
ROMBLON MINDORO, PANAY, PALAWAN, MARINDUQUE, CEBU, AND OTHER ISLANDS OF VISAYAS.
 
ROMBLON IS THE MOST POPULAR SOURCE, EARNING IT THE TITLE “MARBLE CAPITAL OF THE
PHILIPPINES. FLOOR TILES, NOVELTY ITEMS, AND STATUS ARE ONLY SOME OF MARBLE STONE
PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED IN THIS PROVINCE. THESE MARBLES ARE USUALLY MADE FROM
LIMESTONE MIXED WITH OTHER MINERAL IMPURITIES.

IN SOUTHERN BOHOL, THERE IS A LARGE UNIT OF ROCKS WHICH IS A METAMORPHIC ROCK
CALLED ALICIA SCHIST. SCHIST IS A METAMORPHIC ROCK CONSISTING OF LAYERS OF DIFFERENT
MINERALS AND CAN BE SPLIT INTO THIN IRREGULAR PLATES IN ALICIA SCHIST’S CASE IT IS
MADE OF CHLORITE SCHIST, QUARTZ-SERICITE SCHIST, AND AMPHIBOLITE. IT IS ONE OF THE
OLDEST ROCKS OF BOHOL, DATING BACK TO THE CRETACEOUS PERIOD. ITS RANGE IS
APPROXIMATELY 2000 METERS.
 PLACES WITH HAS SCHIST ROCKS ARE;
 Northern Cordillera (Suyo Schist)
 Southwest Luzon (Gumaca Schist – Bondoc)
 Southeast Luzon Basin (Baleno Schist-Masbate Island & Danao Schist – Ticao Island)
 Southeast Luzon Arc (Siruma Schist – Caramoan Peninsula & Rapu-rapu Schist – Rapu-rapu Island)
 Cebu (Tunlod Schist – Northern/Central Cebu)
 Dinagat Group of Island (Nueva Estrella Schist), Zamboanga Peninsula)
 Central Mindanao (Tago Schist)
 Daguma Range (Salbuyan Schist)
MINDORO METAMORPHIC

THE MINDORO BLOCK IS A MICROCONTINENTAL BLOCK LOCATED IN THE PHILIPPINE

MOBILE BELT AND THE EAST SIDE OF NORTH PALAWAN BLOCK. IT HAS COMPRISES A
METAMORPHIC BASEMENT (MINDORO METAMORPHICS OF TEVES, 1953) OF UNKNOWN
BUT PROBABLY PRE-LATE CRETACEOUS AGE, OVERLAIN LOCALLY BY UPPER
CRETACEOUS BASALTS (KARIG, 1983), AND MORE REGIONALLY SUCCEEDED BY A
PROBABLE UPPER EOCENE SEQUENCE OF BASINAL CLASTIC ROCKS, PLUS LOCAL
BASALT INTERCALATIONS AND CARBONATES. THESE ROCKS ARE EXPOSED OVER A
BROAD AREA OF NORTHERN AND WEST-CENTRAL MINDORO AS WELL AS ON THE
LUBANG ISLANDS IN VERDE ISLAND PASSAGE. THE MINDORO BLOCK IS BOUNDED ON
THE WEST BY THE MINDORO SUTURE ZONE, AND ON THE NORTH BY THE VERDE
PASSAGE SUTURE (KARIG, 1983), WHICH SEPARATES IT FROM THE ZAMBALES OPHIOLITE
TERRANE OF LUZON. THE EASTERN TERRANE BOUNDARY MAY BE THE EAST MINDORO
FAULT ZONE, A PROBABLE TRANSCURRENT BOUNDARY THAT HAS NOT YET BEEN
STUDIED, BUT WHICH DISPLAYS EVIDENCE OF RECENT ACTIVITY (KARIG, 1983), AND
MORE REGIONALLY SUCCEEDED BY A PROBABLE UPPER EOCENE SEQUENCE OF
BASINAL CLASTIC ROCKS, PLUS LOCAL BASALT INTERCALATIONS AND CARBONATES.
PLACES WITH HAS METAMORPHIC ROCKS ARE;

 SOUTHWEST LUZON (HALCON METAMORPHIC – NE MINDORO)

 NORTH PALAWAN BLOCK (ROMBLON METAMORPHIC COMPLEX -ROMBLON)
 ZAMBOANGA (DANSALAN METAMORPHIC COMPLEX – NORTH – CENTRAL
ZAMBOANGA).
THANKS FOR LISTENING!!