THE MUSCULOSKELETAL

SYSTEM

1
 Objectives
Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:

•Name the parts of the

musculoskeletal system and discuss
the function of each part.

•Define combining forms used in

building words that relate to the
musculoskeletal system.

•Identify the meaning of related

abbreviations. 2
 Objectives CONT’D
Objectives Part 2
•Name the common diagnoses,
laboratory tests, and clinical
procedures used in treating the
musculoskeletal system.

•Define the major pathological

conditions of the musculoskeletal
system.

3
 Objectives CONT’D
Objectives Part 3
•Define surgical terms related to the
musculoskeletal system.

•List common pharmacological

agents used in treating the
musculoskeletal system.

4
 Structure and Function
Forms the body framework

Enables the Protects and

body supports
to move internal
organs

5
 Bones
Bones
•Composed of •Osteoblasts are
osseous tissue bone-forming cells

•Consists of a •Osteoclasts are

rich supply of responsible for
blood vessels reabsorbing dead
and nerves bone tissue

•Bone cells are called osteocytes

6
 Ossification
Bones
The development of osteocytes and
the hardening process is called
ossification.
Ossification depends on:

calcium
vitamin D
phosphorus
7
 Common Bone
BonesCategories
The adult skeleton has 206 bones.
Common Bone Categories
•Long bones
(Femur) •Irregular bones
(Vertebrae)
•Short bones
(Wrist bones) •Sesamoid bones
(Kneecap)
•Flat bones
(Skull) 8
 Parts ofBones
Long Bones
Parts of long bones:
•The shaft is the longest portion also
called the diaphysis.

•The ends are called the epiphysis.

•Space between the epiphyses and

the diaphysis is called the
metaphysis.
9
 Articular Spongy bone
cartilage Epiphyseal disks

Parts of Long Bones Part 2

Space
Proximal
epiphysis
Parts of a long bone containing
red marrow
Compact
•Articular cartilage is a bone
thin flexible substance Medullary
that provides protection cavity

at movable points. Yellow Diaphysis

marrow
Periosteum
•Medullary cavity
contains yellow bone
marrow.

•Red bone marrow is Distal

epiphysis
found in infant bones and 10
Femur
the flat bones of adults.
 Cranial Bones
Cranial Bones
•Temporal
•Parietal

•Frontal
•Ethmoid

•Sphenoid

•Occipital

11
 Sinuses
Sinuses are cavities that reduce the
weight of a bone.

•Frontal sinuses

•Ethmoid sinuses

•Maxillary sinuses

•Sphenoid sinuses
12
 Facial Bones
Facial Bones

•Lacrimal bone
•Ethmoid bone
Zygomatic bone •Nasal bones
Maxillary bones
Mandible
Palatine bone
13
 Spinal
Spinal Column Column
•Cervical = 7
Consists of
five sets of •Thoracic = 12
vertebrae
•Lumbar = 5

•Sacrum = 5

•Coccyx = 1
14
 Bones
Bonesof
ofthe
theChest
Chest
•Clavicle •True ribs

•Scapula •False ribs

•Sternum •Floating ribs

The chest cavity is also referred

to as the thoracic cavity.
15
Bones of Bones of the
the Pelvis Pelvis
•ilium

•ischium

•pubes

•pelvic
cavity
The pubic symphysis is where both
pubic bones join. 16
 Bones
Bones of
of the
the Extremities
Extremities
Upper Arm Lower Arm
•Humerus •Ulna
•Radius

Hand and Fingers

•Carpals (wrist)
•Metacarpals (palm)
•Phalanges (fingers)
17
 Bones
Bones of
of the
the Extremities
Extremities Part 2
(Cont’d)
Upper Leg Lower leg
•Femur •Tibia (shin)
•Fibula
•Patella (kneecap)
Feet and Toes
•Tarsals
•Calcaneus (heel)
•Metatarsals
•Phalanges 18
Amphiarthroses Joints Diarthroses
•Moves slightly •Moves freely

Joints
(articulations)

Synarthroses
•No movement 19
 Tendons
Tendonsand
andLigaments
Ligaments
Tendons are bands of fibrous tissue
that connect muscles to bone.
Ligaments connect bones to other
bones.
A joint lubricator (synovial
fluid) helps synovial joints
move easier.
Movement occurs at joints with the
assistance of muscles, tendons and
20
ligaments.
 Muscles
Muscles
Muscles contract (shorten) and
extend to provide body movement.

Types of Muscles

•Voluntary (skeletal)

•Involuntary (smooth or
visceral)
21
•Cardiac
Muscles Muscles - Fascia
Most muscles are
covered by a band
of connective tissue
called fascia, that
supports the
muscle.

22
Lift up your right forarm to flex your
Muscles – Origin or Insertion
bicep brachii as if making a fist.
Identify the origin and insertion
attachment by agreeing with one of
the following statements:

The radius is the origin and the

scapula is the insertion.
---OR---
The scapula is the origin and the
radius is the insertion. 23
Match theCombining Forms forms
following combining
and meanings.

ankyl (o) heel

arthr (o) bent

brachi (o) joint

calcane (o) arm

24
Match Combining Forms
the following Part 2 forms
combining
and meanings.
carp (o) cartilage

cephal (o) hump

chondr (o) head

dactyl (o) wrist

kyph (o) fingers, toes 25

Match Combining Forms
the following Part 3forms
combining
and meanings. foot
my (o)
finger or toe bone
myel (o)
muscle
pod (o)
bone
oste (o)
spinal cord; bone
phalang (o) marrow 26
Match Combining Forms
the following Part 4 forms
combining
and meanings.
rachi (o) curved

scoli (o) vertebra

spondyl (o) spine

ten (o) ulnar

uln (o) tendon

27
 Diagnostic, Procedural, and
Laboratory Tests
Medical specialists that treat
disorders of the musculoskeletal
system:
•Orthopedists •Podiatrists

•Osteopaths •Chiropractors

•Rheumatologists
28
 Diagnostic, Procedural, and
Laboratory Tests Pt 2

Performing internal examinations or the

use of x-rays, scans, and radiographs
are often required to diagnose bone and
29
muscle ailments.
 Diagnostic, Procedural, and
Laboratory Tests Pt 3
•Arthrography •Electromyogram

•Arthroscopy •Magnetic
resonance
imaging (MRI)
•Diskography

•Computed tomography (CT)

•Myelography 30
 Diagnostic, Procedural, and
Laboratory
Laboratory Tests Pt
tests measure the4 levels
of substances found in some
musculoskeletal disorders.
Common laboratory tests
•Rheumatoid •Calcium
factor test
•Phosphorus
•Creatine
phosphokinase •Uric acid 31
(CPK)
 Diagnostic, Procedural, and
Laboratory Tests Pt 5
Other Tests
Goniometer
-Tests for ROM

Densitometer
-Measures
bone density

Goniometer 32
 Pathology
Causes of musculoskeletal disorders

•Birth defects

•Injury

•Degenerative disease

•Systemic disorders
33
 Types of fractures
Pathology Part 2

Complex Incomplete Comminuted Greenstick

34
Simple (closed) Compound (open) Colles’ Impacted
 Pathology Part 3
•Injury or trauma to the joints or
muscle may cause a sprain.
•Overuse of a muscle may cause a
strain.
Other conditions:
•Tendinitis •Subluxation

•Dislocation •Osteoporosis
35
 Pathology Part 4
Musculoskeletal Pain and Discomfort
•Osteoalgia

•Myalgia

•Arthralgia

•Arthritis
36

•Tetany
Almost anySurgical Terms
major part of the
musculoskeletal system can now be
surgically repaired.
Supportive devices

•Cast •Traction

•Splints •Prosthetic devices

37
 Surgical
Reduction is the Terms
return Part 2 to
of a part
its normal position.
Osteoplasty is repair of a bone.

Tenotomy is the cutting into a

tendon to repair a muscle
(myoplasty).
Arthroplasty is repair of a joint.
Laminectomy is removal of part of
a spinal disk. 38
 Pharmacology

Most medications treat symptoms

and not the cause of musculoskeletal
discomfort.

39
 Pharmacology Part
Common medications for the
2
Musculoskeletal System
•Analgesics

•Steroids

•Muscle Relaxants

•NSAIDS
40
 Apply Your Knowledge
Mrs. Jones is concerned
with the “soft spots” she
feels on her baby’s head.
You realize the medical term
for these “soft spots” is:
A. Fontanelle
B. Fissure
C. Foramen
A. Fontanelle
41
Apply Your Head
Knowledge Part 2
& Trunk

Arms & Legs

Identify the axial and

appendicular portions of the
skeleton.

42
MaryApply Your Knowledge
is complaining Part 3
of headache,
stuffy nose and pressure with facial
discomfort. Her physician tells her
she has allergies. Which of the
following conditions might she be
experiencing?
A. fracture of her vomer
B. sinusitis
C. stroke

B. sinusitis 43
 Apply Your
Relieves Knowledge Part 4
pain
1
A. steroids

Reduces swelling B. analgesics

2
C. muscle

Relieves stiffness relaxants

3
Match the correct medication
with its action. 44