Neutral Geometry

SMED19 – MODERN GEOMETRY

What is Neutral
Geometry?
What is the sum of all
angles in a triangle?
TOPIC 1

SACCHERI-LEGENDRE THEOREM
Saccheri-legendre Theorem

THEOREM 4.4

In ABC,
.

FIGURE 1.1
 Saccheri-legendre Theorem

NOTION: This exactness CANNOT be

proved in Neutral Geometry.
The sum of the Saccheri tried, but the best
measures of the he could conclude was “less
interior angles of a than or equal."

triangle is 180°.
SUBTOPIC 1

The Two-Step Magic Trick

 The Two-Step Magic Trick

German mathematician
PROOF BY
Max Dehn
THEOREM: The sum of the degree measures of the three angles in any triangle is less than or equal to
180°.
SUPPOSE: The sum of the degree measures of the three angles in any triangle is greater than 180°.
Say, , where p is a positive number.
STEP 1: Replace triangle 1 with another triangle that has the same angle sum as triangle 1 but in
which one angle has at most half the number of degrees as
STEP 2: Repeat the trick to get another triangle that has the same angle sum , but in which one angle
has at most one-fourth the number of degrees as of triangle 1.
The Two-Step Magic Trick

This inequality contradicts the

Corollary 1 of Theorem 4.3
which states that “The sum of
the degree measures of any two
angles of a triangle is less than .”

This proves the Saccheri-legendre Theorem stating that “The sum of the degree
measures of the three angles in any triangle is less than or equal to 180°.”
The Two-Step Magic Trick (Example)

THEOREM:
The sum of the degree measures of the three angles in any triangle is less than or equal to 180°.

SUPPOSE:
The sum of the degree measures of the three angles in any triangle is greater than 180°.
Say, , where p is a positive number.
 The Two-Step Magic Trick (Example)

STEP 1: Replace triangle 1 with another triangle that has the same angle sum as
triangle 1 but in which one angle has at most half the number of degrees as

𝑪 𝑪
𝑪
𝑫
𝑫
𝑨 𝑩 𝑨 𝑩
𝑨 𝑩
 The Two-Step Magic Trick (Example)

STEP 1: Replace triangle 1 with another triangle that has the same angle sum as
triangle 1 but in which one angle has at most half the number of degrees as

𝑪 𝑬 𝑬
𝑫 𝑪 𝑬
𝑫
𝑨 𝑩 𝑨 𝑩
𝑨 𝑩
 The Two-Step Magic Trick (Example)

STEP 2: Repeat the trick to get another triangle that has the same angle sum , but
in which one angle has at most one-fourth the number of degrees as

𝑬 𝑮 𝑮
𝑭

𝑨 𝑩 𝑨
𝑩
The Two-Step Magic Trick (Example)

𝑪 𝑬 𝑮
𝑫 𝑭

𝑨 𝑩
Eventually, we will obtain a triangle, say whose angle sum is the same as the original but one of
whose angles (let say ) has a measure that is less than the repeated halving of .
 The Two-Step Magic Trick (Example)

In other words, , where n is the number of halving. We can make . Our assumption is that the sum of
the degree measures of the three angles in any triangle is greater than 180° or equal to Since
therefore, .

This inequality contradicts the Corollary 1 of Theorem 4.3 which states that “The
sum of the degree measures of any two angles of a triangle is less than .”

This proves that “The sum of the degree measures of the three angles in any
triangle is less than or equal to 180°.”
SUBTOPIC 2

Corollaries to Theorem 4.4

a theorem that follows on from another theorem.
Corollary
1
𝑩
COROLLARY 1
𝑚∠ 𝐴+𝑚∠ 𝐵 ≤ 𝑚∠ 𝐵𝐶𝐷
The sum of the degree measures of two angles
in a triangle is less than or equal to the degree
measure of their remote exterior angle.
𝑨 𝑪 𝑫
Corollary
2
COROLLARY 2
(∢ 𝐵)°+(∢ 𝐷)°+(∢ 𝐵𝐴𝐷)°+(∢ 𝐵𝐶𝐷)° ≤360 °
The sum of the degree measures of the angles in
any CONVEX quadrilateral is at most .

The diagonals of a convex polygon lie inside the polygon.

Are lines and ,
parallel?
𝑷
𝒎
𝒍
 proving the equivalence of Euclid's fifth postulate and Hilbert's parallel postulate.

proving that we can prove one if we first assume the other.

TOPIC 2

EQUIVALENCE OF PARALLEL
POSTULATES
THEOREM 4.5 Euclid's Fifth Postulate Hilbert's Parallel Postulate
Equivalence of Parallel Postulates

THEOREM 4.5 𝑷
𝒎
Euclid's Fifth Postulate Hilbert's Parallel
Postulate
𝒍

THE EUCLIDEAN PARALLEL HILBERT'S AXIOM OF PARALLELISM

POSTULATE
For every line and for every point that does For every line and every point P not lying on
not lie on there exists a unique line through there is at most one line m through such that
that is parallel to . is parallel to .
SUBTOPIC 1

Proving
Proving Euclid V – Assuming Hilbert’s Postulate

For every line and every point P not lying on there is at

most one line m through such that is parallel to .

SITUATION OF EUCLID V Assume Hilbert’s Postulate

Supplementary Angles

Theorem 4.3 (5)

such thatand are congruent alternate If is supplementary to , then .

interior angles
Axiom C-4
is parallel to Given any angle and given any ray emanating from a
point , then there is a unique ray on a given side of line
such that .
Since , meets
Theorem 4.1
If two lines cut by a
transversal have a
Hilbert’s Postulate pair of congruent
alternate interior
angles, then the two
lines are parallel.
Proving Euclid V – Assuming Hilbert’s Postulate

SITUATION OF EUCLID V
To conclude, we must prove that meets on the
same side of as .

Assume, on the contrary, that they meet at a point on the

opposite side. Then is an exterior angle ofYet it is smaller
than the remote interior . This contradiction of Theorem
4.2 proves Euclid V (RAA).

An exterior angle of a triangle is greater than

either remote interior angle.
Proving Hilbert’s Postulate – Assuming Euclid V

SITUATION OF HILBERT’S
POSTULATE Assume Euclid V. Let be the perpendicular to through , and
the perpendicular to through . We know that (Corollary 1 to
Theorem 4.1). Let be any other line through. We must show
that meets . Let be the acute angle makes with . Then, .
Thus, the hypothesis of Euclid V is satisfied. Hence, meets,
proving Hilbert's postulate.

Theorem 4.1 (Corollary 1)

Two lines perpendicular to the same line are parallel. Hence, the perpendicular dropped from a point
not on line to is unique.
 Statements that are also logically equivalent to
the parallel postulate.

PROPOSITION 4.7 PROPOSITION PROPOSITION 4.9

4.8.
Hilbert's parallel postulate Hilbert's parallel postulate if
Hilbert's parallel postulate
if a line intersects one of is a transversal to and , ,
converse to Theorem 4.1
two parallel lines, then it and , then .
(alternate interior angles).
also intersects the other.

PROPOSITION 4.10 PROPOSITION 4.11

Hilbert's parallel postulate if Hilbert's parallel postulate
, and , then either or . the angle sum of every
triangle is .
 ABC

TOPIC 3

ANGLE SUM OF A TRIANGLE

if one defective triangle exists, then all triangles are defective.

in the contrapositive form, if one triangle has angle sum , then so do all others.
SUBTOPIC 1.1

Theorem 4.6
Theorem 4.6

THEOREM 4.6
Let ABC be any triangle and a point
between and . Then (Additivity of
defect)
SUBTOPIC 1.2

Proving
Proving

Let ABC be any triangle and a point

between and . Then (Additivity of
defect)

THEOREM 4.6

If is interior to , then
Theorem 4.3 (3)

If is supplementary to , then .
Theorem 4.3 (5)
SUBTOPIC 1.3

Corollary to Theorem 4.6

 Corollary
COROLLARY
Under the same hypothesis, the
angle sum of ABC is equal to if
and only if the angle sums of both
ACD and BCD are equal to .
PROOF
SUBTOPIC 2

Theorem 4.7 and its

Corollary
 Theorem 4.7 and its Corollary
Recall that by definition a
rectangle is a quadrilateral
whose four angles are right
angles. Hence, the angle sum
of a rectangle is . Of course,
we don't yet know whether
rectangles exist in neutral
geometry. This theorem is the
result we seek.
THEOREM 4.7
If a triangle exists whose angle sum is , then a
rectangle exists. If a rectangle exists, then every
triangle has angle sum equal to .
COROLLARY
If there exists a triangle with positive defect,
then all triangles have positive defect.
Thank you!
DANHILL DANILES
INDIVIDUAL
TASK
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INSTRUCTIONS: A B C D E F
angle sum of a
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