TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS

(GMOs)
Presented by:
Esha Yasin (0032)
Iram Anwar (0033)
Iman Zaheer (0035)
Mahrukh (0039)
Manal Gull (00)
Shahzadi Aliza Alia (00)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY
 PRINCIPLES OF TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS
  TRANSGENIC PLANT
 METHODS OF PRODUCING TRANSGENIC PLANT
 EXAMPLES OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS  
 INTRODUCTION
“An organism whose genetic characteristics have been altered by the
insertion of modified gene or a gene from another organism using the
techniques of genetic engineering.”
• Most common are crop plants.
• Microbes are the first one.
• Currently no transgenic animal is
approved for human consumption.
HISTORY
HISTORY (Cont.)
 PRINCIPLES OF TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS

• Contains foreign DNA that has been introduced using biotechnology.

• Foreign DNA is defined as DNA from another specie or else
recombinant DNA from the same species that has been manipulated in
laboratory.
• To make a transgenic cell, DNA must be transferred across the cell
membrane without destroying the cell.
• Involves techniques to transfer transgenic gene.
INSULIN AS AN EXAMPLE
 Transgenic plant

• “A transgenic plant is a modified organism

where genes are transferred from one
organism to another through genetic
engineering techniques”.

• The purpose of producing a transgenic plant

is to obtain a species that has ideal traits,
high yield and quality.
METHODS OF PRODUCING TRANSGENIC
PLANT 
• The transfer of exogenous DNA to higher plants can be
accomplished by various methods.
• Different types of techniques are given below:

1. Transfer of DNA via a vector:

 Agro bacterium mediated gene transfer

2. Direct transfer of DNA:

 Gene guns
 Electroporation
 Microinjection
 AGROBACTERIUM MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER

 Agro bacterium-mediated transformation is most

commonly used method for transgenesis.
 A.tumefaciens is a rod shaped Gram negative soil
bacterium found in the rhizosphere.
 It contains Ti plasmid(tumor-inducing) which causes
crown gall disease in dicot plants.
 It mainly infect the wound site and causes disease
symptoms.
 The gene of interest is introduced in to the bacterial
plasmid and treated it into the host plant.
 The bacteris grows inside the host plant cell and
regenerate to form a transgenic plant.
 GENE GUN METHOD
 This method is mainly used for cereals
transformation.
 in this method, the desired gene is
coated in a gold or tungsten particle and
bombarded into the plant cells. Once
bombarded, the sequence is incorporated
into the plant cells, which can be
proliferated by tissue culture methods.
  ELECTROPORATION METHOD

• In this technique , short pulses of high

voltage are applied to protoplasts
which make temporary pores in the
plasma membrane to increase their
permeability and facilitate the uptake
of foreign gene. 
MICROINJECTION METHOD
 The protoplasts are immobilized in
agarose or on glass slides coated
with poly-lysine or by holding them
under suction by a micropipette.
 The exogenous DNA of interest is
taken in micro injector and then
directly delivered inside the cell.
Examples of Transgenic Plants

1. Golden rice: Golden rice was produced to

overcome the deficiency of vitamin A in
children. Using the gene gun methods,
rice species were incorporated with the
phytoene synthase genes, which
increases the vitamin A content of the
rice grains.
2. Bt cotton: Bt cotton is a genetically
modified crop that is resistant to pest
bollworm.