Evaporation

H2O(g)
molecules
(water vapor)

H2O(l)
molecules
Evaporation

H2O(g)
molecules
(water vapor)

H2O(l)
molecules
Evaporation

H2O(g)
molecules
(water vapor)

H2O(l)
molecules
How Vapor Pressure is Measured
760 mm + 120 mm = 880 mm Hg

1 atm = 760 mm Hg

Animation by Raymond Chang

All rights reserved
 Manometer Atmospheric Pressure

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 401

 760 mm Hg

Manometer A

BIG = small + height

760 mm =
________ small 120 mm
+ __________

Small = 640 mm Hg
h = 120 mm

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 401

 760 mm Hg

Manometer B

BIG = small + height

BIG 760 mm + _________

= ________ 120 mm

BIG = 880 mm Hg
h = 120 mm

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 401

The Manometer and Vapor
Pressure
 Barometer & Manometer

atmospheric pressure atmospheric pressure atmospheric pressure

= 101.3 kPa = 100.4 kPa = 101.7 kPa

750 mm
confined confined confined
gas gas gas
600 mm
500 mm
325 mm
200 mm
150 mm 100 mm
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Pressure and Temperature
ST
(Standard Temperature and Pressure)
P
standard temperature standard pressure
0oC 1 atm
273 K 101.3 kPa
760 mm Hg

Equations / Conversion Factors:

K = oC + 273
o
C = K – 273

1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 760 mm Hg

Convert 25oC to Kelvin.

K = oC + 273 25oC + 273 = 298 K

How many kPa is 1.37 atm?

101.3 kPa
X kPa = 1.37 atm = 138.8 kPa
1 atm

How many mm Hg is 231.5 kPa?

760 mm Hg
X mm Hg = 231.5 kPa = 1737 mm Hg
101.3 kPa
 AIR
PRESSURE

CONFINED
higher
GAS pressure

Hg HEIGHT
Pa DIFFERENCE

manometer: measures
the
pressure of a confined
gas
 small

Atmospheric pressure is 96.5 kPa; 96.5 kPa

mercury height difference is 233 mm.

Find confined gas pressure, in atm.

BIG
1.26
X atm

SMALL + HEIGHT = BIG 233 mm Hg

96.5 kPa + 233 mm Hg = X atm

1 atm 1 atm
96.5 kPa + 233 mm Hg = X atm
101.3 kPa 760 mm Hg

0.953 atm + 0.307 atm = X atm

X = 1.26 atm
 Vapor Pressure
 measure of the tendency for liquid particles to enter
gas phase at a given temp.
 a measure of “stickiness” of liquid particles to each other

more less likely to In general:

“sticky” vaporize LOW v.p.

not very more likely to In general:

“sticky” vaporize HIGH v.p.

NOT all liquids have same v.p. at same temp.

 100
80 CHLOROFORM

PRESSURE 60
(kPa) ETHANOL b.p. = 78oC
40
20 WATER b.p. = 100oC
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
TEMPERATURE (oC)

Volatile substances evaporate easily (have high v.p.’s).

BOILING  when vapor pressure = confining pressure

(usually from atmosphere)
atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa
 Vapor Pressure
61.3oC 78.4oC 100oC
101.3
93.3

80.0
Pressure (KPa)

l
ho
66.6

or

lco
of
lor
53.3

la
ch

y
eth
40.0
ter
a
w
26.7

13.3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature (oC)
BOILING  when vapor pressure = confining pressure
(usually from atmosphere)
At sea level and 20oC…

AIR PRESSURE
(~100 kPa)

VAPOR VAPOR
PRESSURE PRESSURE
(~5 kPa) (~10 kPa)

ETHANOL

WATER
 NET NET
PRESSURE PRESSURE
(~95 kPa) (~90 kPa)

ETHANOL

WATER
 Water
Molecules in
Liquid and
Steam
Microscopic view of a liquid
near its surface

The high energy

molecules escape
the surface.
Behavior of a liquid in a closed
container
Water rapidly boiling on a stove
 Pressure Cooker
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.
120oC
 Formation of a bubble is opposed by
the pressure of the atmosphere

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 452

 Vapor Pressure
61.3oC 78.4oC 100oC
101.3
93.3

80.0
Pressure (KPa)

l
ho
66.6

or

lco
of
lor
53.3

la
ch

y
eth
40.0
ter
a
w
26.7

13.3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature (oC)
Boiling Point and Pressure
Heating / Cooling Curve of Water

140
steam

120
water and steam
Temperature (oC)

100
liquid water

80

60 tin
g
a
He g
in
40 ice and o ol
C
water

20

0
ice

-20
Heat added at a constant rate
Gas Collected Over Water
 Measuring the Vapor Pressure
of a Liquid

Davis, Metcalfe, Williams, Castka, Modern Chemistry, 1999, page 376

Gas Mixtures
and Dalton’s
Law
Gases Dissolved
in Liquids