Chapter -7

Kinetic Model of Matter

The kinetic model of matter states that the tiny
particles that make up matter are always in
continuous random motion that is moving all
the time.
State of Matter
Properties of Solids, Liquids and Gases
 Molecular Structure of Solids, Liquids and
Gases
• Solids
• Distances between molecules
• Molecules arranged close together in regular
pattern
• Incompressible because molecules are close
together with little space between them
• Forces between molecules
• Balanced forces between molecules hold them
in fixed positions
• Molecules vibrate about fixed positions,
alternately attracting and repelling one another
• Attractive and repulsive forces explains why a
solid has fixed shape and fixed volume.
 SOLID
• Motion of the molecules
• When a solid is heated, molecules gain energy
and vibrate more.
• Separation between molecules increase
slightly and the solid expands.
 Liquid

• Distances between molecules

• Molecules not arranged in regular pattern

• Molecules slightly further apart than in solids
• Liquids cannot be easily compressed as
molecules are close together with little space
between them.
 Liquid

• Forces between molecules and motion of the molecules

• Molecules vibrate to and fro, alternately attracting and

repelling one another.
• Molecules not held in fixed position by attractive forces.
• Molecules move among one another throughout the liquid.
• Explains why liquids flow and take the shape of container
• Forces between molecules and motion of the
molecules
• Attractive forces between molecules make it
difficult for molecules to leave the liquid.
• Thus liquids have fixed volume.
• When a liquid is heated, molecules vibrate and
move about more vigorously.
• Thus liquid expands, but only very slightly.
 Gases

• Distances between molecules

• Molecules are far apart
• Mainly empty space between molecules
• That is why gas can be compressed easily.
 Forces between molecules & motion of molecules

• Molecules move randomly at high speed

• Intermolecular repulsive forces act only when
molecules collide with one another and with
the walls of container.
• Molecules are so far apart that intermolecular
attractive forces are negligible in a gas.
• A gas is thus able to expand and fill a container
completely.
 Work sheet 7A Pg- 69
• 1.(a) In a solids molecules vibrate about their
fixed position they are linked with strong
molecular bonds. In liquids the particles
randomly arranged. In gas particles are
randomly arranged and are very far apart from
one another.
• 1(b) - In a solid particles vibrate about fixed
positions they have strongest inter molecular
bond. In a liquid particles are free to move
with in the liquid inter molecular bond are
weaker than solid. In the gas particles the
inter molecular bond are very weak they move
at very high speed they don’t have fixed
simple shape nor volume.
• 2(b)- The particles in liquid mercury have
attractive forces holding them together hence
liquid mercury can not be compressed that’s
why liquid mercury has a fixed volume but not
fixed shape.
• 3(a)- The motion of the air molecule is
random
• b (i)- Air molecules move faster and more
vigorously
• (ii) The smoke particle move and change
directly faster and more vigorously . Because
the air molecules move faster and hit the
smoke particles more vigorously and faster.
 Work sheet 7 B pg- 71
• Section A-
• 1- C
• 2- D
• Section B
• 1(a)- Oxygen molecule are further apart in gas
state then in solid and then liquid the number
of oxygen molecules per unit volume is lower
for gases than for solids and liquids.
• 1(b)- Oxygen molecules have weak attractive
force it has loose bonds they are far away
from one another to occupy space n shape.
• 2- (a) Air molecules will spread faster .
• (b) unchanged
• increases
• increases
• unchanged
• 3(a)-