ULTRA SOUND IMAGING

Prepared by : Abhijith Prabha ,

L6A ,roll no : 6 ,
ECE Department , SNGCE.
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INTRODUCTION
 An ultrasound imaging device is a machine that is commonly
used to examine underlying features of the human body.
 Its advantages are that no surgery is needed in order to obtain a
clear picture of entities such as kidney stones.
 The main parts of an ultrasound equipment are the
ultrasound transducer or probe, the electrical control of the
probe (including "beam former") and the visualization system.
This section will focus particularly on the visualization system.

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Principle
 The ultrasound machine transmits high-frequency (1 to 5
megahertz) sound pulses into your body using a probe.
 The sound waves travel into your body and hit a boundary
between tissues (e.g. between fluid and soft tissue, soft tissue
and bone).
 Some of the sound waves get reflect back to the probe, while
some travel on further until they reach another boundary and
get reflected.

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 Fig : schematic diagram of principle of Ultra Sound imaging

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Principle
 The reflected waves are picked up by the probe and relayed to
the machine.
 The machine calculates the distance from the probe to the
tissue or organ (boundaries) using the speed of sound in tissue
(5,005 ft/s or1,540 m/s) and the time of the each echo's return
(usually on the order of millionths of a second).
 The machine displays the distances and intensities of the
echoes on the screen, forming a two dimensional image

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 Relation between attenuation and frequency in body.

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Attenuation coefficient of different body
tissues

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 Ultra Sound Machine

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The Ultrasound Machine

 A basic ultrasound machine has the following parts:

 transducer probe - probe that sends and receives the sound waves

 central processing unit (CPU) - computer that does all of the calculations
and contains the electrical power supplies for itself and the transducer probe

 transducer pulse controls - changes the amplitude, frequency and duration

of the pulses emitted from the transducer probe

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 display - displays the image from the ultrasound data
processed by the CPU

 keyboard/cursor - inputs data and takes measurements

from the display

 disk storage device (hard, floppy, CD) - stores the

acquired images

 printer - prints the image from the displayed data

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 Fig : working of Ultrasonic Machine

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 Ultrasound generator
.

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 Fig: block diagram of Ultra Sound generator
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Ultrasound receiver

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 Fig : ckt diagram of a typical Ultrasound Receiver

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Modes of operation
A MODE
A stands for Amplitude. Information of the reflected
signal in a single ultrasound beam is continually displayed
distance from the transducer and intensity are shown by
position and amplitude in a line on an oscilloscope. This mode
is mainly of historical interest, may be rarely used in
gynaecology or ophthalmology.

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Modes of operation
B MODE
B stands for Brightness. In this case A-mode information
from many beams, typically forming a sector in a plane of the
body, is shown as pixel intensity on a monitor. B mode is often
referred to as 2D, and is the most important modality for
anatomic assessment and orientation in the body, also for
localising and as a background for display of other information
such as Doppler signals.

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Modes of operation
M MODE
M stands for motion. This approach is used for the
analysis of moving organs. It is based on A-mode data from a
single ultrasound beam that are represented as function of time.
This does not require a sweep through many ultrasound beams
which allows for high temporal resolution.

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 Fig : illustration of Ultrasound image in Mode M
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Modes of operation
Doppler mode
 Doppler mode exploits the frequency shift due to relative
motion between two objects. With this approach information
regarding blood velocity and cardiac valves can be obtained.
 Doppler mode can be obtained by continuous or pulsed wave
(PW); in addition, velocity data can be shown as overlaying
colour on B-mode images (colour Doppler, power Doppler and
Tissue Doppler).

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Transducers
 Mechanical Probe: seldom used now.
 Electronic Probe:
– Linear array transducers
• piezoelectric elements linearly arranged
• sequentially activated to produce an image
– Phased array transducers
• smaller scanning surface (foot print)
• good for echocardiography
• more expensive
• elements are activated with phase differences to allow
steering of the ultrasound signal

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Applications
 Obstetrics and Gynaecology
 measuring the size of the foetus to determine the due date
 determining the position of the foetus to see if it is in the
normal head down position or breech
 checking the position of the placenta to see if it is improperly
developing over the opening to the uterus (cervix)
 seeing the number of foetuses in the uterus
 checking the sex of the baby (if the genital area can be clearly
seen)
 checking the foetus's growth rate by making many
measurements over time

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Applications
 Cardiology
 seeing the inside of the heart to identify abnormal structures
or functions
 measuring blood flow through the heart and major blood
vessels
 Urology
 measuring blood flow through the kidney
 seeing kidney stones
 detecting prostate cancer early

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Advantages
 Ultrasonic can be easily focused, i.e., they are
directional.
 They are inaudible.
 It is possible to investigate the properties of very
small structures.
 Information obtained by US , particularly in dynamic
studies, cannot be acquired by other more convenient
technique.

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Limitations
 development of heat - tissues or water absorb the ultrasound
energy which increases their temperature locally
 formation of bubbles (cavitations) - when dissolved gases
come out of solution due to local heat caused by ultrasound

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 END

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