GAS EXCHANGE

•require oxygen in the

production of higher amount of
energy compared to process of
energy production without
oxygen.
• Aerobic respiration is the term
used when oxygen is present in
the production of energy, while
anaerobic respiration is the
process energy production
without oxygen.
constant among these organisms are

•1.) a thin respiratory structure,

2.) moist respiratory surface and
3.) respiratory structure with high
surface area.
FISH

• Gills are feathery organs full of blood

vessels. A fish breathes by taking water into
its mouth and forcing it out through the gill
passages. As water passes over the thin
walls of the gills, dissolved oxygen moves
into the blood and travels to the fish's cells.
AIR AS A RESPIRATORY MEDIUM

•The problem with air as a

respiratory medium is its
dehydrating characteristic, thus,
terrestrial organisms keep their
respiratory surfaces moist by
keeping it within their body.
THE MAMMALIAN RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
•Some organisms which have smaller
lung capacity compensate gas
exchange through thin epithelial
lining of their anus or mouth like in
turtles or through the skin like in
frogs.
•Gas exchange occurs via the
movement of air from the external
environment and is exchanged via a
deadend of clusters of thin
epithelium of the walls of air sacs
called alveoli.
•birds do not terminate to a
dead-end, rather there is a
complete circuit of flow of air
which pushes air complete out
of the respiratory system.
TERRESTRIAL VENTILATION

•Ventilation in lungs is
called breathing, the
alternating process of
inhalation and exhalation.
•In positive breathing air is
pushed into the lungs,
such as in frogs.
• humans and other mammals
use negative pressure breathing
by sucking in air in to the lungs
through the creation of a
negative pressure.