

Viscous Flow in Pipes

CEE 331 Fluid Mechanics

February 24, 2023
 Types of Engineering Problems

 How big does the pipe have to be to carry a

flow of x m3/s?
 What will the pressure in the water
distribution system be when a fire hydrant
is open?
 Can we increase the flow in this old pipe by
adding a smooth liner?
Viscous Flow in Pipes: Overview

 Boundary Layer Development

 Turbulence
 Velocity Distributions
 Energy Losses
 Major
 Minor
 Solution Techniques
 Laminar and Turbulent Flows

 Reynolds apparatus

r VD inertia
Re = =
m damping

Transition at Re of 2000
 Boundary layer growth:
Transition length
What does the water near the pipeline wall experience?
_________________________
Drag or shear
Why does the water in the center of the pipeline speed
Conservation of mass
up? _________________________
Non-Uniform Flow

v v v
 Entrance Region Length
le le le
= f ( Re ) = 0.06 Re = 4.4 ( Re)
1/ 6
D D D
100

l e /D 10

1
10

100

00

00

00

0
100

00

00
100

000
100

00
100

100

0
100
laminar Re turbulent
 Velocity Distributions

 Turbulence causes transfer of momentum

from center of pipe to fluid closer to the pipe
wall.
 Mixing of fluid (transfer of momentum)
causes the central region of the pipe to have
relatively _______velocity
constant (compared to
laminar flow)
 Close to the pipe wall eddies are smaller (size
proportional to distance to the boundary)
 Log Law for Turbulent, Established
Flow, Velocity Profiles
u yu
= 2.5ln * + 5.0 Dimensional analysis and measurements
u* n
Turbulence produced by shear!
0 Shear velocity u*  u I Velocity of large eddies
u* 

rough smooth
ghd Force balance y
t0= l
4l

ghl d
u* =
4l

u/umax
 Pipe Flow: The Problem

 We have the control volume energy

equation for pipe flow
 We need to be able to predict the head loss
term.
 We will use the results we obtained using
dimensional analysis
 Viscous Flow: Dimensional
Analysis
 Remember dimensional analysis?
D æe ö r VD  2p
Cp = f , Re Where Re = and C p 
l èD ø m V 2

 Two important parameters!

 Re - Laminar or Turbulent
 /D - Rough or Smooth
 Flow geometry
 in a bounded region (pipes, rivers): find Cp
internal _______________________________
 flow around an immersed object : find Cd
external _______________________________
 Pipe Flow Energy Losses

 D  
f   C p   f  , R  Dimensional Analysis
 L D 
 2p 2 ghl
Cp  g hl = - Dp Cp 
V 2 V2
2 ghl D
f
V2 L

LV2 Always true (laminar or turbulent)

hl  f
D 2g Darcy-Weisbach equation
 Friction Factor : Major losses

 Laminar flow
 Turbulent (Smooth, Transition, Rough)
 Colebrook Formula
 Moody diagram
 Swamee-Jain
 Laminar Flow Friction Factor
D 2 hl
V Hagen-Poiseuille
32  L
32 LV
hl  hl µ V
gD 2
LV2
hl  f Darcy-Weisbach
D 2g

32 LV LV2
2
f
gD D 2g
64  64
f  -1 on log-log plot
Slope of ___
VD R
 Smooth, Rough, Transition
LV2
Turbulent Flow h  f f
D 2g

 Hydraulically smooth 1  Re f 
 2 log



pipe law (von Karman, f  2.51 
1930)
 Rough pipe law (von 1  3.7 D 
Karman, 1930)  2 log



f   
 Transition function for
both smooth and rough  D 
1  2.51 
pipe laws (Colebrook)  2 log 
f  
 3.7 Re f 
(used to draw the Moody diagram)
 Moody Diagram
0.10
0.08
D
f   C p 
0.05
0.04
 l  0.06 0.03
0.05 0.02
friction factor

0.015
0.04 0.01

0.008

0.03
0.006
0.004
D
laminar
0.002

0.02 0.001
0.0008
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0.00005
0.01 smooth

1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08

R
 Swamee-Jain
 1976 0.25
f 
 limitations L
M F  5.74 IO
2



/D < 2 x 10-2
Re >3 x 103
N 3.7 D Re KP
log
H 
Q no f
0. 9

 less than 3% deviation

æ ö
from results obtained gDh f ç e 1.784n ÷
with Moody diagram
Q = - 0.965 D 2 ln ç + ÷
L ç 3.7 D D gDh f ÷
 easy to program for çè ÷
ø
L
computer or calculator
L FLQ I F L I O
4 .75 5.2 0.04

D  0.66M
 G J  Q G J P
use 2

Hgh K Hgh KP
1.25 9 .4

M
N f
Q f

Each equation has two terms. Why?

 Pipe roughness
pipe material pipe roughness  (mm)
glass, drawn brass, copper 0.0015
commercial steel or wrought iron 0.045
asphalted cast iron 0.12

d Must be
galvanized iron 0.15
dimensionless!
cast iron 0.26
concrete 0.18-0.6
rivet steel 0.9-9.0
corrugated metal 45
PVC 0.12
 Solution Techniques
find head loss given (D, type of pipe, Q)
0.25 8 LQ 2
4Q f 
Re  L
M F  5.74 IO
2 hf  f 2
KP
5
 g D
NH
D log  0. 9
3.7 D Re Q
find flow rate given (head, D, L, type of pipe)
æ ö
2
gDh f ç e 1.784n ÷
Q = - 0.965 D ln ç + ÷
L ç 3.7 D gDh f ÷
çè D ÷
L ø
find pipe size given (head, type of pipe,L, Q)

L FLQ I F L I O
4 .75 5.2 0.04

D  0.66M
 G J  Q G J P
2

N Hgh K Hgh KP
1.25 9 .4

M f
Q f
 Example: Find a pipe diameter
 The marine pipeline for the Lake Source Cooling project
will be 3.1 km in length, carry a maximum flow of 2 m3/s,
and can withstand a maximum pressure differential
between the inside and outside of the pipe of 28 kPa. The
pipe roughness is 2 mm. What diameter pipe should be
used?
 Minor Losses

 We previously obtained losses through an

expansion using conservation of energy,
momentum, and mass
 Most minor losses can not be obtained
analytically, so they must be measured
 Minor losses are often expressed as a loss V2
coefficient, K, times the velocity head. h  K
High Re 2g
2
 2p 2 ghl V
C p = f ( geometry, Re ) Cp  Cp  hl  C p
V 2 V2 2g Venturi
 Sudden Contraction
EGL 2
 1  V2
HGL hc    1 2
1
0.95 C  2g
Ac 0.9  c 
Cc  0.85
Cc 0.8
0.75
A2 0.7
0.65
0.6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
A2/A1
c 2
V1 V2

vena contracta
 Losses are reduced with a gradual contraction
 Equation has same form as expansion equation!
 Entrance Losses
V2
Losses can be he  K e
reduced by K e  1.0 2g
accelerating the flow Estimate based on
gradually and contraction equations!
K e  0.5
eliminating the
vena contracta
K e  0.04
 Head Loss in Bends
High pressure
 Head loss is a function
of the ratio of the bend Possible
radius to the pipe n separation
R from wall
diameter (R/D)
2
 Velocity distribution D
óV
p+rô
õ R
dn + g z = C

returns to normal Low pressure

several pipe diameters V2
hb  Kb
downstream 2g
Kb varies from 0.6 - 0.9
 Head Loss in Valves
 Function of valve type and valve
position
V2
 The complex flow path through hv  K v
valves can result in high head loss 2g
(of course, one of the purposes of a
valve is to create head loss when it
is not fully open)
 see table 8.2 (page 325 in text)

What is the maximum value of Kv?

 Solution Techniques

 Neglect minor losses

 Equivalent pipe lengths
 Iterative Techniques
 Using Swamee-Jain equations for D and Q
 Using Swamee-Jain equations for head loss
 Pipe Network Software
 Iterative Techniques for D and Q
(given total head loss)
 Assume all head loss is major head loss.
 Calculate D or Q using Swamee-Jain
equations 2
8Q
h K
 Calculate minor losses g D
minor
2 4

 Find new major losses by subtracting minor

losses from total head loss h f = hl - å hminor
æ
gDh f ç e 1.784n
ö
÷
L
D  0.66M
FLQ I2
F L I O
4 .75

 G J  Q G J P
5.2 0.04

N Hgh K Hgh KP
1.25 9 .4
Q = - 0.965 D 2

L
ln ç +
ç 3.7 D D gDh f
÷
÷
M f
Q f
çè ÷
ø
L
 Solution Technique: Head Loss

 Can be solved explicitly

V2 8Q 2 K
hminor = å K
2g
hminor =
gp 2
å D4

0.25
4Q f  8 LQ 2
Re     5.74  
2
hf  f

log  
D 

 3.7 D Re 0.9   g 2 D 5

hl   h f   hminor
 Solution Technique:
Discharge or Pipe Diameter
 Iterative technique
 Solve these equations
0.25
4Q f  8 LQ 2
Re     5.74  
2
hf  f
log  
g 2 D 5
D  0.9 
 3.7 D Re  

8Q 2 Use goal seek or Solver to

hminor  K
g 2 D 4 find discharge that makes the
calculated head loss equal
the given head loss.
hl   h f   hminor
Spreadsheet
 Example: Minor and Major
Losses
 Find the maximum dependable flow between the reservoirs
for a water temperature range of 4ºC to 20ºC.

Water 25 m elevation difference in reservoir water levels

Reentrant pipes at reservoirs

Standard elbows
2500 m of 8” PVC pipe
Sudden contraction
Gate valve wide open
1500 m of 6” PVC pipe

Directions
 Example (Continued)

 What are the Reynolds numbers in the two

pipes? 0.1

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02

Where are we on the Moody Diagram?

friction factor
0.015


0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
laminar
0.002
0.001
0.0008
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0.00005
0.01 smooth

1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08

Re

 What is the effect of temperature?

 Why is the effect of temperature so small?
 What value of K would the valve have to
produce to reduce the discharge by 50%?
 Example (Continued)

 Were the minor losses negligible?

 Accuracy of head loss calculations?
 What happens if the roughness increases by
0.1

a factor of 10?
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
friction factor

0.015
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
laminar
0.002
0.001
0.0008
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0.00005
0.01 smooth

1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08

Re

 If you needed to increase the flow by 30%

what could you do?
 Pipe Flow Summary (1)

 Shear increases _________

linearly with distance
from the center of the pipe (for both laminar
and turbulent flow)
 Laminar flow losses and velocity
distributions can be derived based on
momentum (Navier Stokes) and energy
conservation
 Turbulent flow losses and velocity
distributions require ___________
experimental results
 Pipe Flow Summary (2)

 Energy equation left us with the elusive head loss

term
 Dimensional analysis gave us the form of the head
loss term (pressure coefficient)
 Experiments gave us the relationship between the
pressure coefficient and the geometric parameters
and the Reynolds number (results summarized on
Moody diagram)
 Pipe Flow Summary (3)

 Dimensionally correct equations fit to the

empirical results can be incorporated into
computer or calculator solution techniques
 Minor losses are obtained from the pressure
coefficient based on the fact that the
pressure coefficient is _______
constant at high
Reynolds numbers
 Solutions for discharge or pipe diameter
often require iterative or computer solutions
Pipes are Everywhere!

Owner: City of
Hammond, IN
Project: Water Main
Relocation
Pipe Size: 54"
Pipes are Everywhere!
Drainage Pipes
Pipes
Pipes are Everywhere!
Water Mains
 Pressure Coefficient for a Venturi
Meter
10
Cp

 2 p
Cp 
V 2

1
1E+00 1E+01 1E+02 1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06

Re
r Vl 0.1

Re =
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02

friction factor
0.015
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
laminar
0.002
0.001
0.0008
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0.00005
0.01 smooth

1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08

Re
 Moody Diagram
0.1

 D 0.05
f  Cp  0.04
 l  0.03
0.02
friction factor

0.015
0.01

0.008
0.006
0.004
D
laminar
0.002
0.001
0.0008
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0.00005
0.01 smooth

1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08

Re Minor Losses
 LSC Pipeline
cs2
z=0
cs1
0
p1 V12 p2 V22
 z1   1   z2   2  hl Ignore entrance losses
 2g  2g
-2.85 m Q  2 m3 / s
28 kPa is equivalent to 2.85 m of water
  106 m2 / s
L
D  0.66M
FLQ I F L I O
 G J  Q G J P
2
4 .75 5.2 0.04
L  3100m
Hgh K Hgh KP
1.25 9 .4

M
N f
Q f   0.002m
D  154
. m h f  2.85m
 Directions

 Assume fully turbulent (rough pipe law)

 find f from Moody (or from von Karman)
 Find total head loss (draw control volume)
 Solve for Q using symbols (must include
minor losses) (no iteration required)

0.1

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
friction factor

0.015

Pipe roughness
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
laminar
0.002
0.001
0.0008
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0.00005
0.01 smooth

1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08

Re