Analog to digital

converter And
Digital to analog converter

1 1
AD/DA CONVERTER
Circuit analysis to find
V out
If binary input is 0001

R1 = 150KΩ, RF = 20KΩ, Vref = 3V

Voltage Gain (AV) = RF = 20KΩ =

0.133
R1

150KΩ

Vout = Vref X AV
= 3V X 0.1333
= 0.4V

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Continue
 If binary input is 0110

R2 = 75KΩ, R3 = RF = 20KΩ, Vref = 3V

37.5KΩ,

RT = R2//R3 = 25KΩ

Voltage Gain (AV) = RF = 20KΩ = 0.8

RT 25KΩ

Vout = Vref X AV
= 3V X 0.8
= 2.4V

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 Calculate
 If binary input is 1100
R3 = 37.5KΩ, R4=18.75 RF = 20KΩ, Vref = 3V

RT = R3//R4 =
12.5KΩ
Voltage Gain (AV) = RF = 20KΩ = 1.6
RT 12.5KΩ

Vout = Vref X AV
= 3V X 1.6
= 4.8

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Simply that we can see the resulting output is shown
in the table below

Decimal
Vout (V)
D Digit input A
al B
C
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0.4
2 0 0 1 0 0.8
3 0 0 1 1 1.2
4 0 1 0 0 1.6
5 0 1 0 1 2.0
6 0 1 1 0 2.4
7 0 1 1 1 2.8
8 1 0 0 0 3.2
9 1 0 0 1 3.6
10 1 0 1 0 4.0
11 1 0 1 1 4.4
12 1 1 0 0 4.8
13 1 1 0 1 5.2
14 1 1 1 0 5.6
15 1 1 1 1 6.0
 Examples
1:
ii. When input 1112
i. When input 012
First convert 012 to decimal
numbe First convert 112 to decimal
number
01 1112
11 710
2
0

Vout = Vref X Bin X RF

Vout = Vref X Bin X
2n
R 2n
R
RF
Vout = Vref X 1 X Vout = Vref X 7X RF
RF R R
2n 2n
Examples 2:
5V

A B C D
Rf

2R 2 2
2R
R R

-
R R R
+
2R
VOUT

Input Output, Vout

D C B A

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 =0.3125

0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
Resolution Percentages (%)
Formula
% Resolution = Step X 100%
Size Full
Scale
Full Scale = Number Of Step x Step Size

Step Size = Full Scale

Number Of Step

% Resolution = 1 x 100%
Number Of Step

= 1 x 100%
2n - 1
Examples 1

A 4-bits DAC has a step size 10mV. Determine the full scale output voltage and
the resolution percentages.

Method 1
 Number of = 2n – 1
step = 24– 1
= 16– 1
= 15

 Full scale output = number of step X step size

= 15 x 10mV
= 150mV

= Step Size x 100%

 % resolution
Full scale

= 10mV x
100% 150mV

= 6.67%
Method 2

 % resolution = 1 x 100%
Number Of Step

= 1 x 100%
2n – 1

= 1 x 100%
24 - 1

= 1 x 100%
15
= 6.67%
  Example 2:

An 8-bit DAC has 2mA full-scale value and 0.5% FS accuracy.

What is the output range for input 10000000?

10000000 12810

Step Size = 2mA =

7.84µA 255

Ideal ouput for input 12810 = 12810 X 7.84µA

=
1004µA
Error = +0.5%
FS X 2mA
= 10µA
 Actual output will deviate as much as 1004
 The actual range is 994µA-1014µA after + with error.
SETTLING TIME
 The speed of digital to analog converter is usually referred to the settling time,
which is the time required by a digital to analog converter output for change
from zero to full-scale during binary input change from all zero to all one.

 Actually, this settling time measured at the time of digital to analog converter
output was completed in the range of 1/2 step size full-scale.

 Usually the settling time for current digital to analog converter is shorter
than the settling time voltage digital to analog converter.

 This is because the op-amp feedback is used as current to voltage

converter.

 Examples
If the digital to analog converter has 10mV resolution. The settling time is
measured at fixed output time at 5mV full-scale range.
OFFSET VOLTAGE
 Digital to analog converter ideal output is 0V when the binary input is all '0 '.

 In practical there is usually a small voltage value at this time.

 Most of DAC has external offset adjustment that will adjust to 0V as required.

 Examples
4-bit digital to analog converter has an offset error +2 mV and 100mV step size.

Input Ideal Output (mV) Actual Output (mV)

0000 0 2
0001 100 102
1000 800 802
1111 1500 1502
The above table shows a difference between ideal and actual output value, which
is actual value increases 2mV from the ideals value.
MONOTONI
C
 Digital to Analog Converter is monotonic if the output either increases
or same if binary input increases from one values to other values.

 Monotonic is important in closed-loop system to avoid oscillation.

 Examples

Vout Vout
Vout

Bin Bin Bin

a b c

a and b is Monotonic but c is not Monotonic

DAC
USAGE
 CONTROL
Digital output from a computer can be converted to an analog control
signal to adjust the motor speed or furnace temperature or any
physical variable.

 AUTOMOTIC TESTING

Computer can be programmed to generate an analog signal (through

DAC) needed to test analog circuits which testing results will be
converted into a digital value by DAC and loaded to a PC to be stored,
displayed or analyzed.
 THE SIGNAL RECONSTRUCTION

In most applications,analog signal is been digitized which is some sequence

point at signal is converted into an equivalent digital value and stored in
memory.

The conversion is done by the ADC. DAC is then used to convert digitized
data into an analog at one point in a time to reconstruct the original
signal.

This usages can be seen in the 'digital storage oscilloscope "or digital
audio tape recording

 A / D CONVERSION

DAC are used as part of the ADC circuit

 Applications of
DAC
 Digital Motor Control
 Computer Printers
 Sound Equipment (e.g. CD/MP3 Players,
etc.)
 Function Generators/Oscilloscopes
 Digital Audio

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Questio
ns

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