The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

Chapter D2 Circulation and Respiration
Table of Contents
Section 1 The Cardiovascular System
Section 2 Blood
Section 3 The Lymphatic System
Section 4 The Respiratory System
Chapter menu Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter D2
Bellringer
In 2–3 minutes, list as many song titles and lyrics as

you can that contain the word heart. What ideas are
associated with the heart? Why do you think the heart
is part of so many songs?
Write your answers in your science journal.

Chapter D2
Objectives
• List five main parts of the cardiovascular system,
and describe their functions.
• Describe the two types of circulation of blood in

the body.
• List four cardiovascular problems.

Chapter D2
Your Cardiovascular System
• The cardiovascular system consists of the heart

and the three types of blood vessels that carry blood
throughout your body.
• The blood vessels—arteries, capillaries, and veins

—carry blood pumped by the heart.

Chapter D2
The Heart
• Cardiac Muscle
Your heart is an
organ made mostly of
cardiac muscle
tissue. It is about the
size of your fist and is
almost in the center
of your chest cavity.

Chapter D2

Chapter D2
Blood Vessels
• Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away

from the heart and to the body’s organs.
• Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that allow the

exchange between body cells and blood.

Chapter D2
Blood Vessels, continued

• Veins are blood vessels that carry blood back to
the heart.

Chapter D2
Two Types of Circulation
• Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood from

the heart to the lungs and back to the heart through
the pulmonary arteries, capillaries, and veins.
• Systemic circulation is the flow of blood from the

heart to all parts of the body and back to the heart.

Chapter D2

Chapter D2
Cardiovascular Problems
• Atherosclerosis
happens when
cholesterol builds up
inside of the blood
vessels.
Artherosclerosis is a
major cause of heart
diseases.

Chapter D2
Cardiovascular Problems, continued

• High Blood Pressure Hypertension is abnormally
high blood pressure. The higher the blood pressure,
the greater the risk of a heart attack, heart failure,
kidney disease, and stroke.
• Heart Attacks and Heart Failure A heart attack

happens when heart muscle cells die and part of the
heart muscle is damaged. Heart failure happens when
the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the
body’s needs.

Section 2 Blood
Chapter D2
Bellringer
List three things that you know about blood, such as

the parts of blood, the places where blood forms, the
function of blood in the body, or the way in which
blood is donated.
Record your list in your science journal.

Section 2 Blood
Chapter D2
Objectives
• Identify the four main components of blood.
• Describe three functions of blood.
• Explain how blood pressure is measured.
• Explain what the ABO blood types are and why

they are important.

Section 2 Blood
Chapter D2
What Is Blood?
• Blood is a connective tissue that carries gases,

nutrients, and wastes through the body.
• Plasma is the fluid part of blood. It is a mixture of

water, minerals, nutrients, sugars, proteins, and
other substances.
• Red Blood Cells Most blood cells are red blood

cells (RBCs). RBCs take oxygen to every cell in your
body.

Section 2 Blood
Chapter D2
What Is Blood?, continued
• Platelets are pieces of larger cells found in bone

marrow. When you cut yourself, platelets help
blood clot.

Section 2 Blood
Chapter D2
What Is Blood?, continued
• White Blood Cells (WBCs) help keep you

healthy by destroying pathogens. WBCs also help
clean wounds.
• WBCs also keep you healthy by destroying body

cells that have died or been damaged.

Section 2 Blood
Chapter D2
Body Temperature Regulation
• Your blood does more than supply your cells with

oxygen and nutrients. It also helps regulate your body
temperature.
Blood Pressure
• The force exerted by blood on the inside walls of

arteries is called blood pressure.

Section 2 Blood
Chapter D2
Blood Types
• Every person has one of four
blood types: A, B, AB, or O.
Your blood type refers to the
type of antigens you have on
the surface of your RBCs.

Section 2 Blood
Chapter D2
Blood Types and Transfusions

• A transfusion is the injection of blood or blood
components into a person to replace blood that has
been lost. Blood type is an important consideration
of a blood transfusion.
Type Can receive Can donate to

A A, O A, AB
B B, O B, AB
AB all AB only
O O all

Chapter D2
Bellringer
Do you know anyone who has had their tonsils

removed? Do you know what tonsils do or where they
are located in the body? If so, write a few sentences
explaining their function. If you don’t know what the
tonsils are for, make an educated guess about their
role in the body.
Write your response in your science journal.

Chapter D2
Objectives
• Describe the relationship between the lymphatic

system and the cardiovascular system.
• Identify six parts of the lymphatic system, and

describe their functions.

Chapter D2
Vessels of the
Lymphatic System
• The lymphatic
system is the
group of organs
and tissues that
collect excess fluid
and return it to
your blood.

Chapter D2
Vessels of the Lymphatic System, continued

• The smallest vessels of the lymphatic system are
lymph capillaries. The fluid and particles absorbed into
lymph capillaries are called lymph.

Chapter D2
Other Parts of the Lymphatic System
• Bone Marrow is the soft tissue inside of bones.

Bone marrow is where most red and white blood
cells, including lymphocytes, are produced.
• Lymph Nodes are small, bean-shaped masses of

tissue that remove pathogens and dead cells from
the lymph.

Chapter D2
Other Parts of the Lymphatic System,

continued
• The thymus is the gland that produces T cells that

are ready to fight infection.
• Your spleen is the largest lymphatic organ. The

spleen stores and produces lymphocytes.

Chapter D2
Other Parts of the Lymphatic System,

continued
• Tonsils are lymphatic
tissue in the nasal
cavity and at the back
of the mouth on either
side of the tongue.
Tonsils help defend the
body against infection.

Chapter D2
Bellringer
Are breathing and respiration are the same thing?
Write your response in your science journal.

Chapter D2
Objectives
• Describe the parts of the respiratory system and
their functions.
• Explain how breathing happens.
• Discuss the relationship between the respiratory

system and the cardiovascular system.
• Identify two respiratory disorders.

Chapter D2
Respiration and the Respiratory System

• Respiration is the process by which a body gets
and uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide and
water. Breathing is only one part of respiration.
• The second part of respiration is cellular respiration,

which involves chemical reactions that release energy
from food.
• The respiratory system is the group of organs that

take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.

Chapter D2
Respiration and the Respiratory System,

continued
• Nose, Pharynx, and
Larynx Your nose is the
main passageway into
and out of the respiratory
system. From the nose,
air flows into the
pharynx, or throat. The
larynx is the part of the
throat that contains the
vocal chords.

Chapter D2

continued
• Trachea The larynx guards the entrance to a large

tube called the trachea, or windpipe.
• Bronchi and Alveoli The trachea splits into two

branches called bronchi. One bronchus connects to
each lung. In the lungs, each bronchus branches into
bronchioles, which branch to form thousands of tiny
sacs that are called alveoli.

Chapter D2

continued

Chapter D2
Breathing
• Breathing is done by the diaphragm and rib muscles.
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle beneath the
lungs.
Breathing and Cellular Respiration

• In cellular respiration, oxygen is used by cells to
release energy stored in molecules of glucose. When
you breathe, you take in oxygen, which diffuses into
red blood cells and is carried to tissue cells.

Chapter D2

Chapter D2 Section 4 The Respiratory System
Respiratory Disorders
• Respiratory disorders include asthma, emphysema,

and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).
• Asthma causes the bronchioles to narrow. An

asthma attack may be triggered by irritants such as
dust or pollen.
• SARS is caused by a virus.

Circulation and Respiration
Chapter D2
Concept Map
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on
the next slide.
arteries capillaries
cardiovascular system respiratory system
bronchi cellular respiration
alveoli blood

Chapter D2

Chapter D2

Chapter D2

Chapter D2

Chapter D2

Section 2 Blood
Chapter D2

Section 2 Blood
Chapter D2

Chapter D2

Chapter D2

Chapter D2

Chapter D2

Chapter D2

The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

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Chapter D2 Circulation and Respiration

Section 1 The Cardiovascular System

Section 3 The Lymphatic System

Section 4 The Respiratory System

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

In 2–3 minutes, list as many song titles and lyrics as

Write your answers in your science journal.

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

• Describe the two types of circulation of blood in

• List four cardiovascular problems.

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Your Cardiovascular System

• The cardiovascular system consists of the heart

• The blood vessels—arteries, capillaries, and veins

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

• Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away

• Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that allow the

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Blood Vessels, continued

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Two Types of Circulation

• Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood from

• Systemic circulation is the flow of blood from the

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular Problems, continued

• Heart Attacks and Heart Failure A heart attack

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

List three things that you know about blood, such as

Record your list in your science journal.

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

• Identify the four main components of blood.

• Describe three functions of blood.

• Explain how blood pressure is measured.

• Explain what the ABO blood types are and why

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

• Blood is a connective tissue that carries gases,

• Plasma is the fluid part of blood. It is a mixture of

• Red Blood Cells Most blood cells are red blood

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

What Is Blood?, continued

• Platelets are pieces of larger cells found in bone

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

What Is Blood?, continued

• White Blood Cells (WBCs) help keep you