The Simple Sentence

E_English Grammar Course
Unit 7
The Simple Sentence
Issues
1. Clause Patterns
2. Sentence Elements and their Meanings
3. Concord
4. Negation
5. Questions, Commands, Exclamations
1/1
1 Clause Types
Clause Elements
Clause types
Obligatory vs. Optional
Clause types
Clause types transformed

1/2
1 Clause Types
Clause Elements
Clause types
S, V, O, C, A Obligatory vs. Optional

They appointed him head of office last week.
S V O C A
Clause types

1/3
1 Clause Types
Clause Elements
Clause types
Obligatory clause patterns are those which are

Clause required
types
for the complementation of the verb.
1/4
1 Clause Types
Clause Elements
Clause types
I put the book on the table (SVOA) vs. I put thetypes

Clause book.
He resembled his father (SVO) vs. He resembled.
(Sometimes) she sings (beautifully).
He is eating (the cake).
1/5
1 Clause Types
1. SVA Mary is in the house.
2. SVC Mary is kind.
3. SVO Somebody caught the ball.
Clause Elements
Clause types 4. SVOA I put the vase on the table.
5. SVOC She has proved it wrong.
6. SVOO Obligatory
Mom buys me a new bike.
vs. Optional
7. SV The lady smiled.
7 Clause types

1/6
1 Clause Types
Clause Elements
Clause types
Passive transformation 7 Clause types
SV, SVC, SVA equivalents Clause types transformed

1/7
1 Clause Types
Clause Elements
Clause types

Passive transformation
Many critics disliked the play 7 Clause types

(SVOd)
The play was disliked by many critics. Clause types transformed
(S + Vpass + [A])
1/8
1 Clause Types
Clause Elements
Clause types

Passive transformation
Mom considered him a genius. 7 Clause types

(SVOC)
He was considered a genius (by Mom). Clause types transformed
(SVC [A])
1/9
1 Clause Types
Clause Elements
Clause types

SV, SVC, SVA equivalents
1. SV SVC 7 Clause types

The baby is sleeping The baby is asleep
2. SV SVC Clause types transformed
Two loaves will suffice Two loaves will be sufficient
3. SVC SVA
He is jobless He is without a job.
1/10
1 Clause Types
Which clause type does each of the following
sentences belong to?
1. He’s getting angry.
2. He got through the window.
3. He’ll get a surprise.
4. He got his shoes and socks wet.
5. He got himself into trouble.
6. He got her a splendid present.
1/11
1 Clause Types
1. SVC He’s getting angry.
2. SVA He got through the window.
3. SVO He’ll get a surprise.
4. SVOC He got his shoes and socks wet.
5. SVOA He got himself into trouble.
6. SVOO He got her a splendid present.
One verb can belong to a number of different classes.

2/1
2 Sentence elements and their meanings
Sentence elements Subject

syntactically defined
Object
See Quirk, pp170
Complement
Adverbial
2/2
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive locative
instrumental temporal
affected eventive
recipient Empty It
2/3
agentive locative
She opened the door.
affected eventive
recipient IT
2/4
agentive locative
instrumental The key opens the door.

temporal
affected eventive
recipient IT
2/5
agentive locative
affected eventive
The door opens.
recipient IT
2/6
agentive locative
affected eventive
She has a new

IT shirt.
recipient
2/7
agentive
This room accommodates 20 people. locative
affected eventive
recipient IT
2/8
agentive locative
Tomorrow is my birthday.
affected eventive
recipient IT
2/9
agentive locative
The meeting ended successfully. eventive

affected
recipient IT
2/10
agentive locative
affected eventive
It’s wonderful to meet you. Empty IT

recipient
2/11
Semantic Roles of the Object
Od Oi
affected We opened the door.
effected He invented the telephone.
locative We passed the building.

2/12
Od Oi
We paid him a visit. affected
We gave him some money. recipient

2/13
Cs Co
Current attribute He is tired.
Resulting attribute He becomes tired.

2/14
Semantic Roles of the Complement
Cs Co
We found the room empty. Current attribute
They left the room empty. Resulting attribute

3/1
3 Concords
CONCORDS Grammatical concord
Notional Concord
Concord by Proximity
Concord with coordinated

subject
3/2
3 Concords
Grammatical Concord Subject - Verb
Subject - Complement
Subject - Object
Pronoun
3/3
3 Concords
SUBJECT sing/plur  VERB sing/plur
This dish is dirty/ These dishes are dirty.
Subject - Object
SUBJECT (clause)  VERB sing
What they are doing now is my concern.
Pronoun
3/4
3 Concords
Subject - Object
The child was an angel.
The children are angels. Pronoun

3/5
3 Concords
He injured himself. Subject - Object
Pronoun
3/6
3 Concords
The boy likes his toys

Subject - Object
Pronoun
3/7
3 Concords
Notional Concord Nominal clause
Collective noun
The verb agrees with the

idea of plural rather None
than the actual
singular form of the noun
3/8
3 Concords
Collective noun
What he says isn’t true.
(= The thing he says isn’t true)
What they like best are None
tea and coffee.
( The things they like…)
3/9
3 Concords
Collective noun
The cabinet are having None

a rest.
(All members of the cabinet…)
The cabinet has reached an agreement.

(The cabinet as a whole)
3/10
3 Concords
Collective noun
None
None of the students like Grammar.

None of the cheese is fresh.
3/11
3 Concords
Concord by Proximity Set phrases
Existential sentence with ‘there’

The verb tends to agree
with whatever noun or
Either… or
pronoun closely precedes
it, instead of the head
word of the subject
3/12
3 Concords

One in ten take drugs.
Either… or
3/13
3 Concords
Either… or
There are two chairs and a desk there.
There is a chair and two desks there.
3/14
3 Concords
Either… or
Either my brother or I am to blame for the error.

Either the teacher or the students need to do this.
3/15
3 Concords
Concord with coordinated Coordinated subject

subject representing a single entity
normally takes When the NPs refer to the same

a plural verb thing/ person
3/16
3 Concords
Concord with coordinated Coordinated subject

subject representing a single entity
The hammer and the sickle wasWhen

flyingthe
on NPs
top ofrefer
the to the same
building.
thing/ person
3/17
3 Concords
Coordinated subject
Concord with coordinated
representing a single entity
subject
When the NPs refer to the same

thing/ person
His lawyer and former college friend, Max Weber, was with
him at his death.
4/1
4 Negation
The negation of a sentence is accomplished
by inserting not between the operator and
the predication.
E.g.
The attempt has succeeded.
The attempt has not succeeded.
We may win the match.
 We may not win the match.
4/2
4 Negation
1. Assertives vs. Non-assertives
2. Negative intensification
3. Alternative Negative elements
4. Scope of negation
5. Focus of negation
6. Relationship between scope and focus of
negation
7. Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation
4/3
4 Negation
Non-assertive forms = items Assertives Non-assertives
that do not naturally Some Any
occur outside negative, Someone Anyone
interrogative, and Somewhere Anywhere
conditional sentences. Somehow In any way
To some extent At all
E.g. Already Yet
I saw him somewhere. A great deal Much
I didn’t see him
Too Either
anywhere. A long way Far
Too Very
(Quirk p.184) A long time Long
4/4
4 Negation
Negative Intensification = ways to give emotive intensification

to a negative.
I found nothing at all the matter with him.

I have no excuse whatever.
I'll never, never go there again.
I've never in all my life seen such a crowd.
She has never spoken to me even a single word.
4/5
4 Negation
Alternative Negative Elements (Instead of the verb, another

element may be negated)
An honest man would not lie

-> No honest man would lie.
I didn't see any birds
-> I saw no birds.
4/6
4 Negation
Normally extends from the negative
Scope of Negation word itself to the end of the clause.
E.g.
I definitely didn’t speak to him.
= The stretch of language
over which the negative
(It’s definite that I did not.)
meaning operates
I didn’t definitely speak to him.
(It’s not definite that I did.)

4/7
4 Negation
Focus of Negation 1.‘JOHN doesn’t love Mary.
Somebody loves Mary but it’s not
The contrastive nuclear stress falling
John.
on a particular part of a clause 2. John doesn’t ‘LOVE Mary.
indicates that the contrast of John likes Mary but it’s not love.
meaning implicit in the negation is 3. John doesn’t love ‘MARY.
John loves somebody else but
located at that spot and the rest of
it’s not Mary.
the clause can be understood in a
positive sense.
4/8
4 Negation
Scope & Focus of Negation I didn’t LISTEN all the time.
The scope must include the (I listened some of the time.)

focus, and by the position of
the focus we can realize the I didn’t listen ALL the time.
extent of the scope
(I listened none of the time.)
4/9
4 Negation
Scope & Focus of Negation In each of the following case,
does John love Mary or not?
The scope must include the
focus, and by the position of John doesn’t LOVE Mary
the focus we can realize the because she is a teacher.
extent of the scope.
John doesn’t love Mary because
she is a TEACHER.
4/10
4 Negation
Main verb negation vs.

Auxiliary negation
Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation

4/11
4 Negation
Auxiliary negation
Auxiliary Negation TheMain

scope of negation
Verb Negation
includes the meaning
of the auxiliary itself
4/12
4 Negation
Auxiliary negation
1. can’t (in all sense)

Auxiliary Negation You can’tMain Verb Negation
be serious.
(It is not possible that…)

You can’t go swimming.
(You are not allowed…)
She can’t ride a bicycle.
(She is not able to…)
4/13
4 Negation
Auxiliary negation
Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation

2. Needn’t
You needn’t pay that fine.
(You are not obliged to…)
It needn’t be my fault.
(it is not necessary that…)
4/14
4 Negation
Auxiliary negation
Auxiliary Negation 3. May not ( =Verb

Main permission)
Negation
You may not go swimming.
(You are not allowed to…)
4/15
4 Negation
Auxiliary negation
1. May not (=possibility)

They may not bother to
Auxiliary come if it’s wet.
Negation Main Verb Negation
(It is possible that they will not

bother to come.)
4/16
4 Negation
Auxiliary negation
Will not/ won’t Main Verb Negation
Shall not/ shan’t
Must not/ mustn’t
Ought not/ oughtn’t

4/17
4 Negation
Auxiliary negation
Shallworry.
Don’t not/ shan’t
I won’t interfere (I’m willing not to interfere.)
Must not/
He mustn’t
won’t do it (He insists on not doing it.)

They won’t have arrived yet (I predict that they’ve not arrived yet.
4/18
4 Negation
Auxiliary negation
Shall not/ shan’t
Must not/ mustn’t

Don’t worry, you shan’t lose your reward.
(I’m willing to see that you don’t lose your reward.
4/19
4 Negation
Auxiliary negation
Shall not/ shan’t
Must not/ mustn’t

I shan’t know when you return (I predict that I shall not know…)
4/20
4 Negation
Auxiliary negation
You mustn’tShall
keepnot/
us all waiting (You’ll oblige me for not keeping…)
shan’t
Must not/ mustn’t

4/21
4 Negation
Auxiliary negation
YouShall
oughtn’t to keep us waiting (obligation)
not/ shan’t
HeMust
oughtn’t
not/to be long (necessity)
mustn’t

5/1
5 Questions, Commands & Exclamation
Statements
Types of simple sentences
Questions
Commands
Exclamations
5/2
Statements
Sentences in which the subjectQuestions

is always
present and generally precedes the verb.
Commands
Exclamations
5/3
Statements
Questions
Commands
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions
Exclamations
5/4
Questions

5/5
Questions

General Yes – No questions
Has the boat left?
Yes-no questions with positive orientation:
Has the boat left already?
Yes-no questions with negative orientation:
Hasn’t the boat left yet?
5/6
Questions

Tag questions
• Rising tone = neutral assumption
• Falling tone:
Positive assumption + positive expectation
Negative assumption + negative expectation
5/7
Questions

Declarative Questions
You’ve got the explosive?
He didn’t finished it?

5/8

Questions
Yes – No Questions Wh -Exclamatory

Questions Questions
Alternative Questions
Negative Y-N
Hasn’t he grown!
Wasn’t it good!
Positive Y – N
Am I hungry!
Do I look annoyed!
5/9

Questions
Wh- word pronouns: who, whom, which, what, whose

• Who went there with her? (Wh-word = S)
• Who(m) did he talk to? (Wh-word = Od)
• Which book have you lent him? (Wh-word = premodifier)
• Whose beautiful antiques are they? (Wh-word = determiner)
• Who did you lent to book to? (Wh-word = Oi)
5/10

Questions
Wh- word adverbs: when, where, how, why, how + adj/adv

• When will you come back? (A time)
• Where should I put these? (A place)
• Why aren’t they coming? (A reason)
• How did they mend it? (A manner)
•…
5/11

Questions
Would you like tea, coffee, or milk?
Which ice cream would you like. Chocolate, vanilla, or strawberry?

5/12
Statements
Questions
Commands
sentences that make use of the imperative mood in the main,

Exclamations
or sometimes of questions with the initial modal
- particularly with invitations or requests.
5/13
Without subject
Commands
With subject
With ‘let’
5/14
Without subject
Commands
With subject
Positive: Be reasonable
Negative: Don’t make noise
With ‘let’
5/15
Without subject
Commands
With subject
‘You’ as subject WithInfinite

‘let’ pronoun S
5/16
Without subject
Commands
With subject
‘You’ as subject With ‘let’

-You there be quiet!
-You come here, Jack, and you come over there, Mary.
- Will you come in and sit down?
5/17
Without subject
Commands
With subject
Indefinite Pronoun S With ‘let’

Positive: Somebody open the door! Everybody shut their eyes!
Negative: Don’t anyone say anything!
5/18

Without subject
Commands
With subject
With ‘let’
Positive: Let’s go out./ Let each man decide for himself.

Negative: Let’s open the door/ Don’t let him lose heart.
5/19
Statements
Questions
Full exclamation Commands
Short exclamation Exclamations

5/20

Statements
Questions
Full exclamation What an enormous crowd came!

Commands
How delightful her manners are!
Exclamations
Short exclamation
5/21

Statements
Questions
What a book!
Short exclamation Commands
How wonderful!
Exclamations
Full exclamation

The Simple Sentence

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The Simple Sentence

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E_English Grammar Course

Obligatory vs. Optional

Clause types transformed

S, V, O, C, A Obligatory vs. Optional

Clause types transformed

Obligatory vs. Optional

Obligatory clause patterns are those which are

Obligatory vs. Optional

I put the book on the table (SVOA) vs. I put thetypes

Clause types transformed

Obligatory vs. Optional

Passive transformation 7 Clause types

SV, SVC, SVA equivalents Clause types transformed

Obligatory vs. Optional

Many critics disliked the play 7 Clause types

Obligatory vs. Optional

Mom considered him a genius. 7 Clause types

Obligatory vs. Optional

1. SV SVC 7 Clause types

One verb can belong to a number of different classes.

2 Sentence elements and their meanings

Sentence elements Subject

2 Sentence elements and their meanings

Semantic Roles of the Subject

2 Sentence elements and their meanings

Semantic Roles of the Subject

2 Sentence elements and their meanings

Semantic Roles of the Subject

instrumental The key opens the door.

2 Sentence elements and their meanings

Semantic Roles of the Subject

2 Sentence elements and their meanings

Semantic Roles of the Subject

She has a new

2 Sentence elements and their meanings

Semantic Roles of the Subject

2 Sentence elements and their meanings

Semantic Roles of the Subject

2 Sentence elements and their meanings

Semantic Roles of the Subject

The meeting ended successfully. eventive

2 Sentence elements and their meanings

Semantic Roles of the Subject

It’s wonderful to meet you. Empty IT

2 Sentence elements and their meanings

Semantic Roles of the Object

affected We opened the door.

effected He invented the telephone.

locative We passed the building.

2 Sentence elements and their meanings

Semantic Roles of the Object

We paid him a visit. affected

We gave him some money. recipient

2 Sentence elements and their meanings

Semantic Roles of the Object

Current attribute He is tired.

Resulting attribute He becomes tired.

2 Sentence elements and their meanings

Semantic Roles of the Complement

We found the room empty. Current attribute

They left the room empty. Resulting attribute

CONCORDS Grammatical concord

Concord with coordinated

Grammatical Concord Subject - Verb