essay sentence

poem

WRITIN G
paragraph

story research
Because of the pandemic
economic status thethe
of
have been affected. country
Many are suffering from hunger.
But a lot ignore the situation and
not following protocols
The economic status of
Philippines have the
greatl
been
affected by this pandemic.y
However, to revive the economy
and alleviate hunger, many
are forced to return in a
normal life. In result, the
minimum health protocols
are no longer followed.
I
A paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized, coherent,
and are all related to a single topic.
Parts of Paragraph
Introduction
The first section of a paragraph; it should include the topic sentence
and any other sentences at the beginning of the paragraph that give
background information or provide a transition.

Body
Follows the introduction; discusses the controlling idea,
using facts, arguments, analysis, examples, or other information.

Conclusion
The final section; summarizes the connections between the information
discussed in the body of the paragraphs and the paragraph's controlling idea.
 PARTS OF A
PARAGRAPH
TOPIC
SENTENCE

SUPPOR
TING
SENTENCES

CONC
• Sentence that summarizes the
main idea of a paragraph.
• It is usually the first sentence in
a paragraph.
• Also known as a focus sentence,
it encapsulates or organizes an
entire paragraph.

TOPIC SENTENCE
 TOPI CONTROLLING IDEA
C
names the limits or
subject of the controls
the topic to a
paragraph specific area

TWO PARTS
TOPIC
 https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-topic-sentences.html

Example:

Topic Sentence:
There are many reasons
why pollution in ABC
Town is the worst in the
world.
 https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-topic-sentences.html

Exampl
e:
Topic Sentence:
To be an effective CEO
requires certain
characteristics.
 Identify:
Art, science and thought are the
most strenuous occupations of people.
If you would make good in any of
these, you must scorn delights and live
laborious days. To produce a
masterpiece in art, you must go lean
for many days. People might say to you
what they say to Dante, “shalt thou
achieve the great discoveries of
science and the great creations of art.”
 https://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Write_in_English/WL8_supporting_sentences.html

• provide examples
for the topic
sentence.
• the next sentences will
include information
supporting the main
idea in the topic
sentence.
SUPPORTING SENTENCES
 https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-topic-sentences.html

Example
s:Ice cream is one of the few desserts
that is enjoyed all over the world! In
Italy, they call their ice cream, gelato. Ice
cream, or helado, can be found on the
street corners of Argentina. The same is
true in Japan, Australia, and New
Zealand. Now I want to travel the world
just to try out all the amazing ice cream
offered in other countries!
 https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-topic-sentences.html

Example
s:Ice cream is one of the few desserts
that is enjoyed all over the world! In
Italy, they call their ice cream, gelato. Ice
cream, or helado, can be found on the
street corners of Argentina. The same is
true in Japan, Australia, and New
Zealand. Now I want to travel the world
just to try out all the amazing ice cream
offered in other countries!
• They together
draw
information the you
presented have
elaborat
to
your e idea
[summarize,
controlling
repeat/
restate ideas, profess a
hope, advice, opinion]

CONCLUSION
 • They link the
often
curren paragrap to
t the h following
paragraph.
• May be added but not
essential in some
areas.

CONCLUSION
 https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-topic-sentences.html

Example
Clearly,s:the negative health risks of smoking
cigarettes indicate that people should not try it.
Because of the dangers of driving while using
gadgets, it should not be done by the
drivers.
Social media helps people to connect with each
other through time and space. That caused a
massive globalization process and affected
people from all over the world. And now, it is
time to limit the negative influence of Facebook
and takes responsibility for future generations.
 https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-topic-sentences.html

Native people always talk about how the naupaka

flower got its unusual shape. The flower has petals on one
side only. The legend says that the marriage of two young
lovers on an island was opposed by their parents. They
found the couple together on a beach and to prevent them
from being together, one of the families moved to the
mountains, separating the young couple forever. As a
result, the naupaka flower separated into two halves; one
half moved to the mountains, and the other half stayed
near the beach. The legend of the naupaka flower proves
that native people have rich histories of stories.
 https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-topic-sentences.html

Native people always talk about how the

naupaka flower got its unusual shape. The flower
has petals on one side only. The legend says that
the marriage of two young lovers on an island was
opposed by their parents. They found the couple
together on a beach and to prevent them from
being together, one of the families moved to the
mountains, separating the young couple forever. As
a result, the naupaka flower separated into two
halves; one half moved to the mountains, and the
other half stayed near the beach. The legend of the
naupaka flower proves that native people have
rich histories of stories.
Parts of a Paragraph REVIE
W:
sentence that summarizes
TOPIC the main idea of a
sentence paragraph.

Develop and support the

SUPPORTING topic sentence
sentences

They draw together

CONCLUSION information the you e
presented hav
Identify the topic sentence, supporting sentences and the
conclusion.
My Dog Romeo is so much fun to play with. One reason
he’s fun is because he loves to play catch. What’s also fun is that
he follows me around the house with a toy and drops it on my foot,
so I will kick it. Additionally, he can catch just about anything, but
his favorite thing to catch is a Frisbee. Finally, he loves it when I
pretend like I’m falling dead, and he runs over to lick me. All these
reasons show why I really have fun playing with Romeo.
What makes a good
paragraph?
W hen can we say the
text is w e ll-writte
n? And when it’s
not? 1
 Properties of a
Well-written Text
1
Or g a n i z
a t io n
Simply put, is the logical progression and
completeness of ideas in a text.
A well-organized piece of
writing supports readers
by making it easy for
them to follow.

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7
 ORGANIZATION
 Strong organization constitutes proper
paragraphing and logical order of
presentation of ideas.
 Ostrom (1978) averred that it is a way of
making visible to the reader the stages in
writer’s thinking.
 ORGANIZATION
 Paragraphing is dividing a text into
paragraphs.
 The unity and coherence of ideas among
sentences is what makes the paragraph.
 It is essentially a unit of thought not of
length.
 THERE ARE BASICS TO A
WELL- ORGANIZED PARAGRAPHS
 First, each paragraph must be built
around a single idea termed as the
controlling idea.
 Next, create a topic sentence which is
generally written as opening sentence of
the paragraph.
 THERE ARE BASICS TO A
WELL- ORGANIZED PARAGRAPHS
 First, each paragraph must be built
around a single idea termed as the
controlling idea.
 Next, create a topic sentence which is
generally written as opening sentence of
the paragraph.
 THERE ARE BASICS TO A
WELL- ORGANIZED PARAGRAPHS

 Then, an appropriate technique from a

variety of ways of developing a paragraph
must be employed to develop the topic
sentence/key idea.
 THERE ARE BASICS TO A
WELL- ORGANIZED PARAGRAPHS
 Finally, in order to achieve unity, appropriate
connectives between and within paragraphs
must be used.
 The formula of STTC (single idea, topic
sentence, appropriate technique and
connectives) makes a well-structured
paragraph.
 Spatial order

Sequential
order
Techniques
Complexity order

Listing order

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4
 S patial order
Words used in descriptive writing
to signal spatial relationships, such as
above, below, beside, nearby, beyond,
inside, and outside.

3
5
 S equential order
A technique in arranging the text observing
the chronological order or time, process or
sequence, and narration of events by using signal
words like first, second, third, initially, primarily,
following, preceding, next, when, later, before,
after, then, until, not long after that, finally, lastly,
at last, etc.
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6
 Complexit y order
This technique in organizing compositions refers to the logical
order from simple to complex, inductive to deductive, cause and effect,
and problem and solution to help the writers explain their ideas. This
can also be done by defining and illustrating. For cause-effect, you can
use signal words like for, because, since, as a consequence, due to, etc.
Signal words like because, as a solution, consequently, so that, therefore,
etc. can be used for problem-solution. When defining, transitional
devices such as is defined as, means, refers to, to illustrate, as defined,
etc. can be used.

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7
 Listing order
It means the ordering of ideas following the alphabet
(from A to Z). Examples of alphabetical order are the major
cities in the Philippines presented in an article: Cagayan De
Oro City, Caloocan, Cebu, Davao City, Manila, Parañaque,
Pasig, Quezon City, Taguig, and Zamboanga City. This can
also be done by enumerating ideas through numbers in
ascending order (e.g. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, etc.) and descending
order (e.g. 9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2, and 1).
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G uiding questions for the organizati
on: Does your piece have a clear beginning, middle,
and end?
 Does your piece have a strong beginning that
hooks the reader?
 Does your piece have a strong ending that fits
the
 Are
focus?the ideas and actions connected to each
 other?
Can your reader follow the piece logically from
beginning to end?
 Is it complete? Does it feel finished?

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9
 ORGANIZATION

Organization is a structural Not only clear but also logical

and
form of writing
aesthetic

Defines one sentence connection to

Propper arrangement of ideas the other sentence and paragraph
to the other paragraph
Features of an organized text

Development
main idea and
supporting idea

Unity
Focus
all other sentences and details in that
central point of a paragraph revolve around that main
idea
topic
2
C o h e r e n c
e a n d
C o h e s i on
Cohesion refers to the connectivity in the
text. Coherence refers to how easy it is to
 A text is cohesive if its elements are
linked together. A text is coherent if it
makes sense. Cohesion is a formal
feature of texts (it gives them their
texture), while coherence is “in the eye
of the beholder” – that is to say, it is the
extent to which the reader (or listener)
is able to infer the writer’s
communicative intentions. 4
3
 COHERENCE COHESION
Refers to the rhetorical Cohesion of writing is
aspects of your writing, focused on the grammatical
which include developing aspects of writing.
your argument, Refers to the degree to
synthesizing and which sentences (or even
integrating readings, different parts of one
organizing and clarifying sentence) are connected so
ideas. that the flow of ideas is
It means the overall easily to follow.
understandability of what
you write or say.
 COHERENCE
Coherence is based more on
logic of the ideas and how they
are presented rather than on
the language that is used to
express these ideas.
COHESION
Cohesion has nothing to do
with the content but rather on
whether the paragraph has
well connected or merely a
group of unrelated sentences.
Is serves as the glue that holds
the structure together. Good
cohesion leads to good
coherence.
TRANSITIONAL DEVICES
1. ADDITION – again, also, and, and then,
besides, equally important, finally, first,
further, furthermore, in addition, in the first
place, last, moreover, next, second, still, too.
2. COMPARISON – also, in the same way,
likewise, similarly.
TRANSITIONAL DEVICES
3. CONCESSION – granted, naturally, of course
4. CONTAST – although, and yet, at the same
time, but at the same time, despite that, even so,
even though, for all that, however, in contrast, in
spite of, instead, nevertheless, notwithstanding,
on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise,
regardless, still, though, yet.
TRANSITIONAL DEVICES
5. EMPHASIS – certainly, indeed, in fact, of
course.
6. EXAMPLE OR ILLUSTRATION – after
all, as an illustration, even, for example, for
instance, in conclusion, indeed, in fact, in other
words, in short, it is true, of course, namely,
specifically, that is to illustrate, thus, truly.
TRANSITIONAL DEVICES
7. SUMMARY – all in all, altogether, as has
been said, finally, in brief, in conclusion, in
other words, in particular, in short, in
simpler terms, in summary, on the whole,
that is, therefore, to put it differently, to
summarize.
TRANSITIONAL DEVICES
8. TIME SEQUENCE – after a while, afterward, again,
also, and then, as long as, at last, at length, at that time,
before, besides, earlier, eventually, finally, formerly,
further furthermore, in addition, in the first place, in
the past, last, lately, meanwhile, moreover, next, now,
presently, second, shortly, simultaneously, since, so far,
soon, still, subsequently, then, thereafter, too, until,
until now, when.
 Langauge Use
As a writer, it is important not only to
think
about what you say but how you say it.
refers to style or register,
denotative and connotative
language, figures of speech, and
idiomatic expression.
Register or Style
In describing the style or
register, the language used is
either spoken or written, and
formal or informal.
Denotative and Connotative Language
Words normally have literal meaning
or definition from the dictionary. It is
called denotative meaning. However,
words have deeper meaning or
connotation when used in a text.
Figures of Speech
These are being used to get
away from ordinary use of
language and to create a
literary effect to the readers.
Idiomatic Expression
These expressions do not give
the literal meaning of the
words but they have figurative
meaning.
1. LEVELS OF FORMALITY
- Writing in a style that your audience expects
and that fits your purpose is key to successful
writing.
2. IN-GROUP JARGON
- Only use in-group jargon when you are writing
for members of that group. You should never use
jargon for a general audience without first
explaining it.
3. SLANG AND IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS
- Avoid using slang or idiomatic expressions in
general academic writing.
4. DECEITFUL LANGUAGE AND EUPHEMISMS
- Avoid using euphemisms (words that veil the
truth, such as ‘collateral damage’) and other
deceitful language.
5. BIASED LANGUAGE
- Avoid using any biased language including
language with a racial, ethnic, group, or gender
bias or language that is stereotypical.
 THE SIX
CHARACTERISTIC
S OF EFFECTIVE
LANGUAGE
1. CONCRETE AND SPECIFIC LANGUAGE
- Concrete language includes descriptions
which creates tangible images with details the
reader can visualize. Abstract Language is
vague and obscure, and does not bring to
mind specific visual images.
EXAMPLES:
He is a bad roommate.
He is lazy and discourteous.
He is untidy and unclean.
He doesn’t clean up his own messes.
He leaves his dirty dishes on the kitchen
counter.
2. CONCISE LANGUAGE
- A hallmark of effective writers is the
ability to express the desired message in as
few words as possible. Good writers, in other
words, use language which is straightforward
and to-the-point. Consider the following
examples:
1. It is widely discussed by employees that many of
them will be forced to change jobs and take on new
responsibilities when the merger takes place between
two companies.
2. Before making a decision about whether the person
on trial is guilty or innocent in this case, the members of
the jury should be sure to carefully think about, ponder
and reflect on all of the important and relevant
testimonies in the case.
3. FAMILIAR LANGUAGE
- familiar language is that which the
readers easily recognize and understand
because they use it on a regular basis.
 One of the most important functions of
language is to build homophily or a sense
of commonality with one’s readers.
 Language, which is foreign and unfamiliar
to the reader tends to emphasize the
differences between writer and reader,
and makes the message difficult to
understand.
 By using language that is familiar to the
reader, the message is likely to have more
impact.
4. PRECISE AND CLEAR LANGUAGE
- the use of appropriate language is a tricky
matter because the meaning of words is
relative and situational. The more precise and
clear one’s use if language becomes, the
fewer the number of possible interpretations
for a message. Clarity decreases the potential
misinterpretations.
5. CONSTRUCTIVE LANGUAGE
- constructive language phrases a
potentially negative message in a positive
way, whereas destructive language directs
blame and criticism toward the reader,
creating defensiveness.
Readers are likely to become defensive when the
writer’s language expresses any or all of the
following:
 Superiority over the reader
 Indifference or apathy about an issue of
importance to the reader
 Negative evaluation or judgement of the
reader(as opposed to neutral descriptions or
observations)
 Command or control over the reader.
 Skepticism or doubt about the reader’s
credibility or the legitimacy of their claims.
BOSS TO EMPLOYEE:
“your job performance recently has been
unacceptable and there are no excuses for it. You have
claimed that you are having some serious personal
problems, but even if this is true, you cannot allow it to
affect the quality of your work. If your work doesn’t
improve, I’ll have to replace you with someone else.”
6. FORMALITY OF LANGUAGE
- The formality of the language one uses
should match the formality of the situation
and the relationship between the writer and
the reader.
VERY FORMAL:
Exceedingly large segments of the
population are expressing their discontent
with medical practitioners who appear to be
more engrossed in amassing financial assets
than in providing efficacious care to people
with health disorders.
VERY FORMAL:
Exceedingly large segments of the
population are expressing their discontent
with medical practitioners who appear to be
more engrossed in amassing financial assets
than in providing efficacious care to people
with health disorders.
FORMAL:
A large number of consumers are
complaining about medical doctors who are
apparently more interested in making money
than I providing effective health care.
INFORMAL:
A lot of people are unhappy with their
doctors who only seem to care about how
much money they make, and not about giving
their patients good care.
 LANGUAGE USE

Specific Familia
r

Concis Correct and

Appropriate
e
4
M echan ic
s
Mechanics is the term we use to describe
the technical aspects of writing, such as
spelling, punctuation, capitalization, etc.
MECHANICS

focus on the Determines errors on

the subject-verb-
technicalities of the agreement,
structure prepositions, tenses

MECHANICS

grammar, spelling, use of numbers as

capitalization, part of the
abbreviations and statement and the
accronyms punctuation
mark
P ar t s of speech
Knowing the parts of speech, using
them correctly, and understanding how they
relate to one another is an important early
step in creating strong writing skills. From
nouns and verbs to prepositions and
conjunctions, each part of speech plays a key
role in sentence structure and clarity of
thought.
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3
Ca pit al ization
In a world of lowercase
texting, learning proper
capitalization takes on a
whole new meaning.

8
4
 Grammar
Grammar not only affects our
clarity, but also can add authority,
enhance meaning, and create a
more sophisticated voice.

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5
Subject-Verb Agreement. Subjects and verbs must AGREE with one another in
number (singular or plural). Thus, if a subject is singular, its verb must also be
singular; if a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural.
Punctuation
Punctuations are marks such as periods
(.), question marks (?), exclamation points (!),
commas (,), apostrophes (‘), quotation marks
(“”), semi-colons (;), and colons (:). When
used correctly, they make writing look more
organized and easier to read and understand.
They tell you how to read a line and where
to pause or breathe.
8
8
 Spelling
Misspelled words should be
avoided when writing any form
of text.

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1
 Guiding questions for conventions

 Are your sentences complete?

 Does your piece demonstrate standard usage?
 Are all your words used correctly?
 Are punctuation, capitalization, spelling,
and paragraphs used correctly in your
piece?
 Have you used capital letters for the first word in
a sentence and proper nouns?
 Have you used paragraphs appropriately?
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Task..

• Construct a paragraph about your plans after this

pandemic that clearly shows its main 3 different parts
and label them.
• Using a graphic organizer, write an episode of your life
by providing events beginning from childhood to
young adulthood. Provide a catchy title for your story

• Write a coherent and cohesive paragraph about your

“Memorable Summer Experience”, identify the
transition devices by underlining them.
https://forms.gle/ChBvKivuRnF8rgBF7
THANK
YOU!