Science, Technology

and Society
Intellectual Revolution
Chapter 2: Intellectual Revolutions
At the end of this chapter, the students must have:
1. discussed how intellectual revolution shaped
society across time;
2. explained how the scientific thoughts of
Ptolemy, Copernicus, and Darwin
transformed the views of society in terms of
intellectual, moral and social aspects;
3. discussed the scientific and technological
developments in the Philippines.
 What is Intellectual Revolution?
period where science and technology
changed people’s perception and
beliefs.
 period of enlightenment.
enabled people to reflect, rethink, and
re-examine their beliefs and their way
of life.
 Science Ideas

SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTIONS

Humans Society
PTOLEMY EPICYCLE

A page of an Arabic copy of Ptolemy’s Almagest, illustrating the Ptolemaic model for a planet moving around the Earth.
Image via Qatar National Library.
 Copernican Revolution
What are heavenly bodies?

What created days and nights?

Invention of telescope gave them a peek

on the outer space.
 Nicolaus Copernicus
 Renaissance men
 Canon at Frombork Cathedral in Poland
 Johannes Mueller “Epitome”
 Completed in 1510
 He wrote a book called 'Dē revolutionibus
orbium coelestium' - 'On the revolutions of
heavenly spheres’ (1543).
he noticed planets did not JOHANNES KEPLER
follow circular orbits but
were elliptical - this
became one of his later
laws that we shall look at
later.
Copernicus’ Idea of the Universe
 Darwinian Revolution
Charles Darwin
One of the most controversial
intellectual revolution.

English naturalist, biologist, and geologist.

Introduced the theory of evolution.

Sparked a massive debate between science

and religion.
Natural Selection
Organisms have the ability to adapt to their
environment and would gradually change into
something that would be more competitive to
survive.
GALAPAGOS FINCHES
EVOLUTION PEPPERED MOTH
EVOLUTION
 Freudian Revolution
Sigmund Freud
Austrian neurologist
Before, psychology was considered more of an
art rather than rather than a science.
Freud changed people’s perception on psychology
Introduced the theory of “psychoanalysis”.
 The Id
The id is driven by the
pleasure principle, which
strives for immediate
gratification of all
desires, wants, and
needs.
 If these needs are not
satisfied immediately, the
result is a state anxiety or
tension.
According to Freud, the
id tries to resolve the
tension created by the
pleasure principle through
the use of primary process
thinking, which involves
forming a mental image
of the desired object as a
way of satisfying the
need.
 What is the disadvantage if
the Id is being
satisfied/fulfilled?
If we were ruled entirely by the pleasure
principle, we might find ourselves grabbing
the things that we want out of other
people's hands to satisfy our own cravings.
 The Ego
 • The ego is the component of
personality that is responsible for
dealing with reality.
 • According to Freud, the ego
develops from the id and ensures
that the impulses of the id can be
expressed in a manner acceptable
in the real world.
 Ego operates based on the reality
principle.
 Example: Horse rider
Freud compared the id to a horse and the ego to
the horse's rider. The horse provides the power
and motion, yet the rider provides direction and
guidance. Without its rider, the horse may simply
wander wherever it wished and do whatever it
pleased. The rider instead gives the horse
directions and commands to guide it in the
direction he or she wishes to go.
 The
Superego
• The superego is the
aspect of personality that
holds all of our internalized
moral standards and ideals
that we acquire from both
parents and society—our
sense of right and wrong.
• The superego provides
guidelines for making
judgments.
 The Interaction of the
Id, Ego and Superego
Freud used the term ego strength to refer to
the ego's ability to function despite these
dueling forces.
A person with good ego strength is able to
effectively manage these pressures, while those
with too much or too little ego strength can
become too unyielding or too disrupting.
 What happens if there is an
imbalance?
Freud believed that an imbalance between these elements would
lead to a maladaptive personality.
An individual with an overly dominant id, for example, might
become impulsive, uncontrollable, or even criminal.
An overly dominant superego, on the other hand, might lead to a
personality that is extremely moralistic and judgmental. This
person may be unable to accept anything or anyone that he or she
perceives as "bad" or "immoral."
 Conclusion
These revolutions transformed and
molded societies and beliefs. The changes
they bought to the perceptions and
perspectives of people are evidence of
science and technology’s link to humanity.
 References:
Science, Technology, and Society by McNamara(2018)

http://www.historybits.com/charles-darwin.htm
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-2665694-stock-footage-sun-moon-day-and-night-
animation-seamless-loop.html
http://www.motionelements.com/stock-video-3273328-solar-system-animation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BcpB_986wyk
https://www.zachman.com/resources/zblog/item/the-information-revolution
https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/10/beyond-the-information-
revolution/304658/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u43zr_7Y0ts
 Reflective Assessment
1. Which Intellectual Revolution
has the greatest impact on you
as a student? Explain your
answer ?
2. How do intellectual revolutions
transform societies?
Research:
Research on a particular
intellectual revolution that took
place across history in many parts
of the world, such as:
A. North America
B. Asia
C. Middle East
D. Africa.