Basic BJT

Amplifiers

Chapter 8
 Topics Covered in Chapter 8
• Base-Biased Amplifier
• Voltage Divider Biased Amplifier
• Small-Signal Operation
• AC Resistance of the Emitter Diode
• AC Transistor Models
• AC Quantities on a Data Sheet
• Swamped Amplifier

Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

 Base-Biased Amplifier
• Capacitors appear as an “Open” to DC
and a “Short” to AC.
 Base-Biased Amplifier
• The capacitive reactance is much smaller
than the input impedance on the base.

XC ≤ 0.1 R
 Base-Biased Amplifier
VCC VBE
IB  IC   dc x IB
RB
IC  (100) x 9.3  A
10V  0.7V
IB  IC  930  A
1M 
IB  9.3  A
 Base-Biased Amplifier
VRC  IC x RC VC VCC VRC
VRC  930  A x 4.9 k  VC  10V  4.56V
VRC  4.56V VC  5.44V

IB  9.3  A
IC  930  A
Base-Biased Amplifier

IB  9.3  A
IC  930  A
VC  5.44V
Base-Biased Amplifier
 AC Amplifier Symbol

vin = 100 mVp vout = 1Vp

AV = 10

v out
AV 
v in
Bypass Capacitor

AC Ground

XC ≤ 0.1 R
 Voltage Divider Biased Amplifier
VBB  VR 2
R2
VR 2  xVCC
R1  R2
5 k
VR 2  x 12V
10 k   5 k 
VR 2  4V
 Voltage Divider Biased Amplifier
VR 2  4.0V

KVL
VR 2 VBE VRE  0
VRE VR 2 VBE
VRE  4V  0.7V
VRE  3.3V
Voltage Divider Biased Amplifier
VR 2  4.0V
VRE  3.3V

VRE
IE 
RE
3.3V
IE 
2.2 k 
IE  1.5 mA
Voltage Divider Biased Amplifier

VR 2  4.0V
VRE  3.3V
IE  1.5 mA

IC  IE
IC  1.5 mA
 Voltage Divider Biased Amplifier
VR 2  4.0V
VRE  3.3V
IE  1.5 mA
IC  1.5 mA
VRC  IC x RC
VRC  1.5 mA x 2.2 k 
VRC  3.3V
 Voltage Divider Biased Amplifier
VR 2  4.0V
VRE  3.3V
IE  1.5 mA
IC  1.5 mA
VRC  3.3V
VCE VCC VRC  VRE
VCE  12V  3.3V  3.3V
VCE  5.4V
Voltage Divider Biased Amplifier

VR 2  4.0V
VRE  3.3V
IE  1.5 mA
IC  1.5 mA
VRC  3.3V
VCE  5.4V
Voltage Divider Biased Amplifier
 Distortion
• Defined as the stretching or compressing
of alternate half cycles of the sine wave.
• Distortion is undesirable in high-fidelity
amplifiers.
• Distortion can be kept to a minimum by
keeping the ac input small.
Small-Signal Operation
I Large input signals can
E
produce distortion.

VBE

Input Signal
 The 10% Rule of Thumb
• The total current flowing through the
emitter is made of both dc and ac current.
• To minimize the distortion, ie must be small
as compared to IEQ.
• The ac signal is small when the peak-to-
peak ac emitter current is less than 10
percent of the dc emitter current .
Total emitter current: IE = IEQ + ie
For Small-signal operation: ie(p-p) < 0.1IEQ
 Current Gain
• DC current gain
IC
 dc 
IB

• ac current gain

ic
 ac 
ib
Q Point Location
The size of the emitter
I current depends on the
E
location of the Q point.

VBE

Input Signal
 AC Resistance of the Emitter
• The ac resistance of the emitter diode is
inversely proportional to ac emitter current.
In other words, as one goes up, the other
goes down.

'v be
r 
e
ie
Note: The prime (’) in re’ tells us the resistance is
inside the transistor.
 AC Resistance of the Emitter
• An alternative formula for the ac
resistance of the emitter is given as:

'25mV
r 
e
IE

Note: The prime (’) in re’ tells us the resistance is

inside the transistor.
 AC Transistor Models
• The ac model tells the reader how the
circuit will respond to an ac signal.
• From the ac model, the following
parameters are easily determined:
– zin(stage)
– zin(base)
– zout
– Voltage Gain (Av)
 “T” Model
vbe
zin(base) =
ib

vbe = iere’
iere’
zin(base) =
ib
zin(base) = bre’
 “” Model

zin(base) = bre’
 AC Transistor Models
• Replace DC supply
with an ac ground.
• Replace capacitors
with “shorts.”
• Redraw the circuit
using the T ormodel.   100
 AC Transistor Models
• Replace DC supply
with an ac ground.
• Replace capacitors   100
with “shorts.”
• Redraw the circuit
using the T or model.
 AC Transistor Models
25 mV
'
r 
e zin ( base )   re'
IE
25 mV zin ( base )  100 x 16.67 
'
r 
e
1.5 mA zin ( base )  1667 
re'  16.67 

zin ( base )
AC Transistor Models
AC Transistor Models

zin ( out )
 AC Transistor Models

zin ( stage ) zin ( base ) zin ( out )

 AC Transistor Models
AV = ?

Zin ( stage ) Zin ( base ) Zin ( out )

AC Transistor Models
Vout i C (rC )
Av   '
i B   iC 
V in i B  re
Vout i C (rC ) i C (rC ) rC
Av   '
 '
 '
V in i B  re i C re re
AC Transistor Models
 AC Transistor Models
• Replace DC supply
with an ac ground.
• Replace capacitors
with “shorts.”
• Redraw the circuit
using the T or model.   100
 The Loading Effect of Zin
• An ideal ac voltage source has zero
internal resistance.
• The input impedance of VDB CE amplifier
with a bypass capacitor:

• Real sources are not ideal.

The Loading Effect of Zin

 z in (stage ) 
V in    xV S
R z 
 S in ( stage ) 
 AC Quantities

Commonly used ac quantities, found on a

data sheet are:
• hfe = ac current gain
• hie = input impedance
• βac = hfe
• re’ = hie/hfe
 Swamped Amplifier
• The emitter resistor is only partially
bypassed with a capacitor.
• Voltage gain is less susceptible to thermal
runaway.
• The input impedance is increased.
• Large-signal distortion is decreased.
Swamped Amplifier
 Swamped Amplifier
vbe
re’ = Large input signals can
ie I
E produce distortion.

VBE

Input Signal
 Swamped Amplifier
r’e = nonlinear The distortion is reduced.
I
re = linear E

+ re
r’ e

VBE

Input Signal
 Swamped Amplifier
• A swamped amplifier is an example of
single-stage feedback.
• The voltage gain is decreased, however,
the voltage gain is more stable.
• The zin(base) is increased.
• Large-signal distortion is decreased.
– re >> r’e
– re swamps out the effects of r’e.