GOOD DAY!

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READING AND WRITING

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GOOF-PROOF
GRAMMAR
RULES
Building Vocabulary
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GOOF-PROOF
GRAMMAR
RULES
Basic BlunderS
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Goof-Proof Rules: Basic Blunders

RULE NO. 1: AVOID SENTENCE FRAGMENTS AND
RUN-ONS.
A sentence expresses a complete thought and is comprised
of a subject and a predicate (Subject & Predicate).
I was typing.
He is mowing the lawn.
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Goof-Proof Rules: Basic Blunders

RULE NO. 1: AVOID SENTENCE FRAGMENTS AND RUN-
ONS.
 Clauses are groups of words that have a subject and a predicate.
 An independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand
alone.
 When two or more independent clauses are joined in once sentence,
it becomes a compound sentence.
 Dependent clauses, on the other hand, cannot stand alone. They are groups of
words that have a subject and a predicate but do not express a complete thought.
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Goof-Proof Rules: Basic Blunders

When I was typing.
When I was typing, I was thinking about what to have for
lunch.

He is mowing the lawn, and I am trimming the hedges.

Because I am trimming the hedges

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Goof-Proof Rules: Basic Blunders

A run-on sentence is a group of independent clauses that are run
together into one sentence without proper punctuation.
We were hungry and John was tired so we had
to stop at the first rest area that we saw.

Patty took flying lessons every Saturday so she couldn’t go to the picnic and she
couldn’t go to the graduation party either but she has already signed up for another
group of flying lessons because she likes it so much.
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Goof-Proof Rules: Basic Blunders

Fragments and Run-ons
A sentence fragment is a group of words that, although punctuated
as a sentence, does not express a complete thought. A fragment may be
a dependent clause passed off as a sentence. Fragments also can be
phrases or parts of other sentences.
At the zoo.
Cried a lot.
Can’t go to the store.
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Goof-Proof Rules: Basic Blunders

RULE NO. 2: OVERUSING AND ABUSING COMMAS.
Commas are used to separate different parts of sentences.
1. To set off nonessential clauses
A nonessential clause is one that can be removed from a sentence
without changing the sentence’s meaning.
Denise’s boyfriend, who is active in a local theater group, is a manager
at the coffee shop.
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Goof-Proof Rules: Basic Blunders

RULE NO. 2: OVERUSING AND ABUSING COMMAS.
2. To set off sentence interrupters
A sentence interrupter is a sort of nonessential clause. It
can be removed from the sentence without changing the basic
meaning.

Timothy, however, will attend a community college in the fall.

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Goof-Proof Rules: Basic Blunders

additionally however in summary

as a rule if possible on the contrary
consequently in addition on the other hand
for example in any event therefore
hopefully in conclusion  
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Goof-Proof Rules: Basic Blunders

RULE NO. 2: OVERUSING AND ABUSING COMMAS.
3. To separate joined sentences
When you have two complete sentences combined into one by the
use of and, but, or or you should put a comma in front of the and, but,
or or.

We went to the concert and we had a great time.

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Goof-Proof Rules: Basic Blunders

RULE NO. 2: OVERUSING AND ABUSING COMMAS.

Peter missed his family but he was determined to stay at

school through the end of the semester.
 
You can have chocolate ice cream or you can have a dish of
vanilla pudding.
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Goof-Proof Rules: Basic Blunders

RULE NO. 2: OVERUSING AND ABUSING COMMAS.
4. To set apart a series of words being presented as a group
This is known as the serial comma. It is used when you have a
series of words and the last word is preceded by and. Each word in a
series should be separated by a comma.
I traveled to Europe with Ryan, Michelle, Brooke, Irwin, and Lucille.
We visited England France Spain and Italy.
Ready for the Test?