Genera L Physics 2

GENERA
L
PHYSICS
2
MODERN
PHYSICS
Opening
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do good things.
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Online Class
Reminders
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Review
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
State the two postulates of Special Relativity.
Apply the time dilation, length contraction,
and relativistic velocity addition formulae.
Solve word problems related to time
COLORS
dilation, length contraction, and
BLACK
relativistic velocity addition.
ANNOUNCEMENT
(PERFORMANCE TASK)
Theory of Relativity
SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY VS
GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY
In 1905, Albert Einstein developed his Theory of Special
Relativity
How we move through a space changes on how we move
through time
Special relativity refers to motion through a space at
constant velocity (Inertial frame of reference)
General relativity refers to accelerated motion through a
space (Non Inertial frame of reference)
Special Theory
Of Relativity
POSTULATES OF SPECIAL
RELATIVITY
First Postulate: All laws of Physics are the same in all
Inertial reference frames
i.e. The behavior of a coin when flipped on a plane that
is moving at constant velocity is no different than if
flipped while standing still
No experiment confined in the moving reference frame
itself can determine whether or not there is uniform
motion
THEORIES OF RELATIVITY IS
ONE OF THE CORE PHYSICAL
ASSUMPTIONS THAT HAVE TO
BE ACCEPTED ON FAITH
WHILE IT CANNOT BE PROVED,
IT HAS NOT YET BEEN
DISPROVED
NEWTONIAN
RELATIVITY
Time is absolute and flow equably without
regarding anything external may it be at
rest or moving; inertial or non inertial
MOTION IS RELATIVE
Whenever we discuss motion, we must pick a
reference point
Speed is a relative quantity, meaning its value
changes based on location, or frame of reference
MOTION IS RELATIVE
The speed of an object coming
from a moving reference frame:
Add the speed of the object itself
to the speed of the reference frame
MOTION IS RELATIVE
vball = 40 mph (relative to the ground)

vtruck = 20 mph (relative to the ground)
Catcher catches ball at 60 mph
MOTION IS RELATIVE
The speed of an object coming from
a moving reference frame with
opposite direction:
Subract the speed of the object
itself to the speed of the reference
frame
MOTION IS RELATIVE
vball = 40 mph (relative to the ground)

vtruck = -20 mph (opposite direction of ball)
Catcher catches ball at 20 mph
POSTULATES OF SPECIAL
RELATIVITY
Second Postulate: The speed of light, c, in
empty space will always have the same value
regardless of the motion of the source or
observer.
THE SPEED OF LIGHT IS
CONSTANT
The speed of light is found to be
the same in all frames of
reference, moving or not
Represented by the variable, c
c = 3.00X108 m/s (in a vacuum)
THE SPEED OF LIGHT IS
CONSTANT
Light does not behave like the baseball thrown
from the truck
No matter what the speed of the source of the
light, light will always travel toward an observer
at the same speed
If light is a constant, then space and time must be
a single unit
Altering the rate of one will alter the rate of the
other
SPACE-TIME
Einstein reasoned that space and time are two parts
of one whole called space-time
Time Dilation
SPACE-TIME
If we could somehow travel through space at the
speed of light, no time would elapse in our own
perspective
Time Dilation: The stretching of time an object
experiences as it approaches the speed of light
TIME DILATION
Light Clock: A flash of light
bounces back and forth between
parallel mirrors and “ticks” equal
intervals of time
TIME DILATION
Consider a light clock observed from someone inside
a fast-moving space ship
This observer would see the light bouncing vertically
up and down
Consider a light clock observed from someone
outside a fast-moving space ship
This observer would see the light moving along a
diagonal path, which is therefore longer
TIME DILATION
The relationship between the time t0 (call it the
proper time) in the frame of reference moving
with the clock and the time t measured by
viewing the same clock in another frame of
reference (call it the relative time) is
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A satellite travels at 0.95c for 4 years ship time. How
much time would pass on the Earth?
Answer: 12.81 years = 13 years

Derivation of Other Working Equations
SPACE AND TIME TRAVEL
Before the theory of relativity, no one thought we could
ever travel great distances in space
Our life span is too short to cover such great distances
Today, because of time dilation, we know that time for a
person on Earth is different than time for a person in a high-
speed spacecraft
Problem: The amount of energy needed to propel a
spacecraft near the speed of light is too great.
SPACE AND TIME TRAVEL
In the future, people may have the option to travel into space
and return to a future century of their choosing
These people could never come back to the same era they left
Time travels only one way – FORWARD
Time and space, and therefore space-time, exist in the
universe, not vice versa
Without the universe, there would be no space or time
Review
REVIEW
In 1905, Albert Einstein developed his Theory of
Special Relativity
First Postulate: All laws of Physics are the same in
all Inertial reference frames
REVIEW
Second Postulate: The speed of light, c, in empty
space will always have the same value regardless of
the motion of the source or observer.
REVIEW
perspective
REVIEW: TIME DILATION
proper time) in the frame of reference moving with
the clock and the time t measured by viewing the
same clock in another frame of reference (call it the
relative time) is
Time Dilation
Word Problems
CHECKPOINT: DIRECTIONS
1. This activity will be performed as a group.
2. Each group should have a manila paper & marker.
3. Questions/Scenarios will be flashed on the screen.
4. Each group will answer the questions/scenarios
for 5 minutes (3 minutes to discuss & 2 minutes to
write the answers)
6. Scoring System
3 points – key concept/ complete solution & answer
2 points – partially correct concept / correct but
incomplete solution/answer
1 point – wrong answer
ITEM # 1
In the future, a young astronaut may rush up to an
old grey-haired man and calls out, “Hi, how are you
doing my son?”. How might this be possible?
Answer: The astronaut went on a very high speed

spaceship (near the speed of light) and his time
slowed down compared to his stay at home son.
ITEM # 2
If you were on a spaceship travelling at
0.50c away from a star, what speed would
the starlight pass you?
The answer may be expressed in
description or using mathematics.
Answer: The speed of light,c (3x10^8 m/s)

ITEM # 3
Does time dilation mean that time actually passes
more slowly in moving reference frames or that it
only seems to pass more slowly?
Answer: Option A, it really passes more slowly;

everything slows down relative to a non-moving
reference frame.
ITEM # 4

ITEM # 5
A spaceship is travelling at 0.85c. It has been gone
from the Earth for a total of 12 years as measured by
the people of the Earth. How much time passes on
the spaceship during its travel?
Answer: 6.32 years = 6 years & 4 months

ITEM # 6
A spaceship has been gone from the Earth for a
total of 7 years ship time. The people on the
Earth have measured the time for the ship to be
away for about 26 years. How fast was the
ship? Express the answer in terms of c.
Answer: 0.96c
ITEM # 7
If you were to board on a craft and travel at 0.20c,
how long would 1 hour be?
Answer: 1.02 hours

ITEM # 8
Leo and Christian are twins. At the age of 30, Leo left for
a roundtrip to a distant star in a spaceship with a speed of
0.95c relative to the earth. The whole trip took 20 years
according to the shipboard clock. Find their ages when
Leo returns. Express the answer in the nearest whole
number in years.
Leo = 50 years old Christian = 94 years old
ITEM # 9
According to Bob, an observer on Earth, a rocket carrying
Martha from earth directly to planet Zorg travels at a speed
of 0.80c and take 30 years to reach Zorg. Zorg is at rest
relative to Earth.
a. What is the distance between Earth and Zorg, according
to Bob? Express the answer in lightyears.
Answer: 24 lightyears
ITEM # 10
According to Bob, an observer on Earth, a rocket
carrying Martha from earth directly to planet Zorg
travels at a speed of 0.80c and take 30 years to reach
Zorg. Zorg is at rest relative to Earth.
b. How long does Martha, the observer on the
rocket, think the trip takes?
Answer: 18 years
ITEM # 11
According to Bob, an observer on Earth, a rocket carrying
Martha from earth directly to planet Zorg travels at a speed of
0.80c and take 30 years to reach Zorg. Zorg is at rest relative to
Earth.
c. What is the distance between Earth
and Zorg, according to Martha?
Express the answer in lightyears.
Answer: 14.40 lightyears

GENERA
L
PHYSICS
2
MODERN
PHYSICS
Opening
Prayer
Heavenly Father
Beloved SonandJesus
Your Christ,
We thank you foryou
We thank giving
for us another
You can replace
We thank you life,
weWe
As your thank
godetailed you for
our another
description
Glory!
Beautiful Morning.
Please
You
Asenlighten
can
wereplace
ouryour
go on minds,
text our
Give today,
us the
your strength
Motherdescription
of Perpetual Help,
ThankMay
you you make
do good things.
In Jesus’ name.
enlighten
Our Mother
Give usofthe
Perpetual Help,
to participate
Online Class
Reminders
beforecan
ourreplace
synchronous
yoursession
You
We thank
here. Type
you type the Type
As your
Please
Youenlighten
can replaceouryour
are called minds,
duringtext
class.here.
MakeType
sure participant.
You Always be
your text in
here. Type
Choose
and help mea to
workplace
onlinename.
You candiscussion.
raisehere.
hand Type You can
button
your before asking
Attendance Checking
(Class Beadle to submit attendance after class)
Review
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
COLORS
BLACK
Review
REVIEW
Special Relativity
REVIEW
REVIEW
perspective
relative time) is
SAMPLE PROBLEM

Length Contraction
LENGTH CONTRACTION
Length Contraction: The shortening of length of an
object as it approaches the speed of light
LENGTH CONTRACTION
As speed increases, length in the direction of motion decreases.

Lengths in the perpendicular direction do not change.
LENGTH CONTRACTION
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A 600 m long (measured when the spaceship is
stationary) spaceship passes by the Earth. What
length would the people on the Earth say the
spaceship was as it passed the earth at 0.80 c?
Answer: 360 m
Length Contraction
Word Problems
1. This activity will be performed as a group.
2. Each group should have a manila paper & marker.
3. Questions/Scenarios will be flashed on the screen.
4. Each group will answer the questions/scenarios
for 5 minutes (3 minutes to discuss & 2 minutes to
write the answers)
5. After 5 minutes, the manila papers will be checked
by the other group.
Group 1 & 2 Group 7 & 8
Group 3 & 4 Group 9 & 10
Group 5 & 6
6. Scoring System
3 points – key concept/ complete solution & answer
2 points – partially correct concept / correct but
incomplete solution/answer
1 point – wrong answer
ITEM # 1
A spaceship travelling at 0.50c relative to the
Earth is 45 m long as measured by its crew.
How long is the spaceship as measured by
the mission control in Texas?
Answer: 38.97 m = 39 m
ITEM # 2
A spaceship, 200 m long as seen on
Earth, moves by the Earth at 0.87c .
What is its length as measured by an
spaceship-bound observer?
Answer: 405.64 m = 406 m

ITEM # 3
A 135 m long steel beam is moving past the Earth
actually measures the steel beam to be only 57 m
long. How fast was the beam travelling at?
Answer: 0.91c
GENERALIZATION
LENGTH CONTRACTION
LENGTH CONTRACTION
PERPETUALITE
CORE VALUES
INTEGRATION
LOVE OF COUNTRY & GOOD
GOVERNANCE
This shows that each one of us should be a
responsible citizen to vote for leaders who will lead
us properly and devote himself/herself in building our
nation progressively. For example, choose a future
leader who have plans for a progressive Philippines
like allocating budgets in the improvement of
infrastructures such as bridges and/or housing
programs like Build, Build, Build that can withstand
contractions such as, but not limited to earthquakes.
REMINDERS ABOUT
PERFORMANCE
TASK
PERFORMANCE TASK (SCIFI
MOVIE ANALYSIS)
Submit your SciFi critique paper and powerpoint
on or before the deadline.
Presentations will start next week April 26-30,
2021
QUIZ
QUIZ TIME
Answer Quiz 8 with a password
“relativisticlengths” until 6pm today.
Study about Relativistic Velocity Addition in

advance
Thank You! You’re dismissed!

ITEM # 4
A friend borrows your red “Ferrari Spaceship
Model X-119” capable of travelling at 0.88c. The Ferrari is
measured to be 5.80 m high and 18 m long in a stationary
reference frame.
a. How long would you say the Ferrari is as it sped by you at
maximum speed?
Answer: 8.55m = 9 m
CHALLENGE PROBLEM
Cosmic rays colliding with Earth’s upper atmosphere
produce high energy particles called muons. An
observer detects that a muon has been created 55.0 km
above the surface of the Earth. Another observer
detects the muon when it arrives the surface. The
observer’s determine that the muon was moving at
2.97X10^8 m/s. In the muon’s reference frame, what
was the distance between where it was created and the
surface of the Earth? Express the answer in meters.
Answer: 389,884.66 m or 3.90x10^5 m
GENERA
L
PHYSICS
2
MODERN
PHYSICS
Opening
Prayer
Heavenly Father
Beloved SonandJesus
Your Christ,
We thank you foryou
We thank giving
for us another
You can replace
We thank you life,
weWe
As your thank
godetailed you for
our another
description
Glory!
Beautiful Morning.
Please
You
Asenlighten
can
wereplace
ouryour
go on minds,
text our
Give today,
us the
your strength
Motherdescription
of Perpetual Help,
ThankMay
you you make
do good things.
In Jesus’ name.
enlighten
Our Mother
Give usofthe
Perpetual Help,
to participate
Online Class
Reminders
beforecan
ourreplace
synchronous
yoursession
You
We thank
here. Type
you type the Type
As your
Please
Youenlighten
can replaceouryour
are called minds,
duringtext
class.here.
MakeType
sure participant.
You Always be
your text in
here. Type
Choose
and help mea to
workplace
onlinename.
You candiscussion.
raisehere.
hand Type You can
button
your before asking
Attendance Checking
(Class Beadle to submit attendance after class)
Review
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
COLORS
BLACK
Review
REVIEW
Special Relativity
REVIEW
REVIEW
perspective
relative time) is
SAMPLE PROBLEM

REVIEW: LENGTH
CONTRACTION
LENGTH CONTRACTION
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A 600 m long (measured when the spaceship is
stationary) spaceship passes by the Earth. What
length would the people on the Earth say the
spaceship was as it passed the earth at 0.80 c?
Answer: 360 m
Relativistic Velocity
Addition
RELATIVISTIC VELOCITY
ADDITION
According to the theory of special relativity,
the frame of the ship has a different clock rate
and distance measure, and the notion of
simultaneity in the direction of motion is
altered, so the addition law for velocities is
changed. This change is not noticeable at low
velocities but as the velocity increases towards
the speed of light it becomes important.
ADDITION
In relativistic physics, a velocity-addition
formula is a three-dimensional equation that
relates the velocities of objects in
different reference frames. Such formulas
apply to successive Lorentz transformations, so
they also relate different frames.
ADDITION
PROBLEM 1
PROBLEM 1
PROBLEM 1
PROBLEM 2
Suppose the spaceship from the previous example
is approaching the Earth at half the speed of light
and shoots a canister at a speed of 0.750c.
(a) At what velocity will an Earth-bound observer
see the canister if it is shot directly towards the
Earth?
PROBLEM 2
PROBLEM 2
PROBLEM 3
Suppose the spaceship from the previous example
is approaching the Earth at half the speed of light
and shoots a canister at a speed of 0.750c.
(b) If it is shot directly away from the Earth?

PROBLEM 3
PROBLEM 3
PROBLEM 4
Two space ships approach each other with velocities of
0.9c. According to an observer on the space ship, what
is the velocity of the other ship.
Answer: 0.99 c
PROBLEM 5
Two space ships travel in the same direction, with one
travelling at 0.9c, the other travelling at 0.99c. What is
the velocity of the faster ship according to an observer
on the slower ship.
Answer: 0.83 c
Generalization
ADDITION
In relativistic physics, a velocity-addition
formula is a three-dimensional equation that
relates the velocities of objects in
different reference frames. Such formulas
apply to successive Lorentz transformations, so
they also relate different frames.
ADDITION
PERPETUALITE
CORE VALUES
INTEGRATION
LOVE OF COUNTRY & GOOD
GOVERNANCE
This shows that each one of us should be a
responsible citizen to vote for leaders who will lead
us properly and devote himself/herself in building our
nation progressively. For example, choose a future
leader who have plans for a progressive Philippines
like allocating budgets in the improvement of
infrastructures such as bridges and/or housing
programs like Build, Build, Build that can withstand
contractions such as, but not limited to earthquakes.
REMINDERS ABOUT
PERFORMANCE
TASK
PERFORMANCE TASK (SCIFI
MOVIE ANALYSIS)
Submit your SciFi critique paper and powerpoint.
Presentations will start next week April 26-30,
2021
QUIZ
QUIZ TIME
Answer Quiz 9 with a password “relativevelocity”
until 6pm today.
Prepare for your Oral Presentation of

Performance Task next week.
Thank You! You’re dismissed!

Genera L Physics 2

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GENERA

vball = 40 mph (relative to the ground)

vball = 40 mph (relative to the ground)

Answer: 12.81 years = 13 years

Answer: The astronaut went on a very high speed

Answer: The speed of light,c (3x10^8 m/s)

Answer: Option A, it really passes more slowly;

Answer: 13.76 years = 14 years

Answer: 6.32 years = 6 years & 4 months

Answer: 1.02 hours

Answer: 14.40 lightyears

Answer: 12.81 years = 13 years

As speed increases, length in the direction of motion decreases.

Answer: 405.64 m = 406 m

Study about Relativistic Velocity Addition in

Thank You! You’re dismissed!

Answer: 12.81 years = 13 years

(b) If it is shot directly away from the Earth?

Prepare for your Oral Presentation of

Thank You! You’re dismissed!

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