Faraday Waves

By: LGS JT Team Y

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 LGS JT Team Y Faraday
Waves

Index

1. Problem Description
2. Theoretical Model
3. Relevant Parameters
4. Experimental Design
5. Citations

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Waves

Problem
Description

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Waves

Problem Description

A droplet of less viscous liquid floating in a bath of a more

viscous liquid develops surprising wave-like patterns when
the entire system is set into vertical oscillation.
Investigate this phenomenon and the parameters relevant to
the production of stable patterns.

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Waves

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Waves

Theoretical Model

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Waves

Key Points

 Buoyancy
 Viscosity
 Wave Radiation Pressure
 Capillary Pressure
 Standing Waves
 Final cases

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Waves

Buoyancy

 Floating of the liquids depend on the Buoyancy alone and not on Viscosity
 For liquids, their ratio of densities determines weather one liquid may float
on the other, along with a minimal role of adhesive forces and surface tension

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Waves

Viscosity

 Viscosity here represents the friction between the layers of the liquid, which
determines the forces required for the layers to slide past each other under
the relation:

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Waves

Wave Radiation Pressure

 This refers to the pressure exerted by the wave as it propagates along the
lesser viscous medium and strikes its surface
 It is given by: r(wA)2
 w: wave frequency, r: Drop density, A: Wave Amplitude

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Waves

Capillary Pressure

 Capillary pressure, Pc, is defined as the difference in pressure across the

interface between two immiscible fluids
 This pressure difference is generated by the curvature at an interface of
wetting and nonwetting fluids.

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Waves

Wetting

 Wetting is the ability of a liquid to spread over a solid surface. The degree
of wetting is called wettability and is determined by a force balance between
the cohesive forces of the liquid and the adhesive forces between the surface
and the liquid.

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Waves

Young Laplace Equation for Capillary

action
 s: surface tension
 q: wetting angle
 r: radius of the droplet

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Waves

Stationary waves

 These waves occur when a wave is reflected backwards from a surface

 In our scenario, these waves are generated across the droplet
 As the wave approaches the boundaries of the drop on either end, it is
reflected back inwards
 The occurrence of this reflection is due to the difference in viscosity

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Waves

Oscillating Ropes
 In this case, the phenomena is similar to a rope attached to another rope of
different diameter. The differences in energies required to produce same
amplitude of oscillation causes the partial reflection of the wave, while it
partially transfers energy to the next medium
 More viscous maps to rope with greater diameter, while less viscous deals
with rope of lesser diameter

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Waves

Role of Viscosity

 For propagation of stationary waves, the reflected pulse must be inverted

 From the previously discussed diagrams, this occurs when we have lesser
viscous medium droplet placed on a more viscous medium

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Final Cases
 Case 1: Capillary pressure
>> Wave Radiation
Pressure
 Case 2: Capillary pressure
> Wave Radiation Pressure
 Case 3: Capillary pressure
≈ Wave Radiation Pressure
 Case 2: Capillary pressure
< Wave Radiation Pressure
 Case 2: Capillary pressure
<< Wave Radiation
Pressure

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Waves

Experimental
Design

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Waves

Setup

 Electromagnetic Shaker, in harmonic motion

 Circular glass bowl, attached mechanically to the Shaker
 Two fixed camera to collect data from the above and a side
 Shaker will be of rectangular Crossection placed within the bowl,
generating waves from one point, which will propagate outwards
 piezoelectric droplet-on-demand generator for varying droplet
sizes
 Removable slide for placing droplet on the other liquid body

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Waves

Taking accurate readings

 Use of Image J and Tracker software for profiling of the propagating

of the pattern formed and wavefront from data of over head camera
 Measurements of wave amplitudes from the side camera

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Waves

Parameters
 Amplitude
 Frequency
 Surface tensions
 Viscosity
 Radius of droplet
 Densities of liquids

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Waves

References

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Waves

References

 (1) Faraday Instability in Floating Drops – YouTube

 Physics - Halliday Resnick Krane - (5th Edition).pdf
 Walking droplets in a circular corral: Quantisation
and chaos (semanticscholar.org)
 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Comparison-of-wetting-and-non-wettin
g-fluids-21_fig3_329399854
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/capillar
y-pressure#:~:text=Capillary%20pressure%2C%20Pc%2C%20is,of%20wetting%20a
nd%20nonwetting%20fluids
.

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Waves

Thank You!

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