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Excitation
Excitation
EXCITATION SYSTEMS
Presented by
Abhilash Chandra Aron
Service Engineer & Consultant
Turbogenerators
EXCITERS
DC exciters - Direct shaft driven
- Gear driven
High frequency generators: ‘HFG’
Power frequency AC generators
At VSTPP, 6 x 210 MW have 50Hz exciters
Brushless exciters - Rotating diodes
- Thyristors
Rotor separate or integral to TG rotor
Static Excitation - Thyristors
BRUSHLESS EXCITERS - MERITS
Easy transmission of large field currents
without brushes and slip rings.
Full ceiling voltage available, even in the
event of grid disturbances.
Time constant of TG rotor relative to that of
exciter is large in case of fast current control.
Hence dynamic behavior of brushless
exciter is same as that for static system.
ACA - EXCIT - 3 / 72 HO
B’LESS EXCITER: MERITS - 2
ACA - EXCIT - 4 / 72 HO
B’LESS EXCITER : MERITS - 3
ACA - EXCIT - 5 / 72 HO
NOMINAL RESPONSE VE
( IEC 34 - 16 - 1)
ACTUAL
EXCITATION C BUILD-UP
SYSTEM CURVE
VOLTAGE D
UE UE
SLOPE
If N
A B
AREA ABC=ABD
VE= UE per sec
0.5 Uf N
A. C. ARON
0 0.5 TIME t SECS
99 08 09 EXCIT - 6 / 72
BRUSHLESS EXCITER
1st exciter was commissioned in 1964.
Largest: 240 diodes, 6720 KW since ‘84
More than 250 exciters are in operation.
Silicon wafer withstands 1000 Kg / cm ².
Diodes now indigenously available. They were
rig tested at BHEL Hardwar.
Diodes withstand 2 KV reverse peak
voltage.
ACA - EXC - 7 / 72 HO
Low mass & low thermal capacity make diodes
sensitive to loads. Over-currents during regulating
operations & transient phenomenon, following
sudden short circuits, have effect of ‘continuous
loads’ despite their transient nature.
Terminal shorts raise excitation to 300% This decays
in 2 - 3 sec, main overload condition remaining 50%
over-excitation for 10 sec. Bridge is therefore rated
for 150% continuous output.
ACA - EXC - 8 / 72 HO
BRUSHLESS EXCITER - 3
ACA - EXCIT - 9 / 72 HO
BRUSHLESS EXCITER - 4
3 phase output of PMG - pilot exciter is
rectified and controlled by AVR giving
variable excitation to main exciter field.
High voltages in excitation circuit occur
when excitation current attempts to
reverse its polarity.This happens on rotor
slip & on shutdown at most unfavorable
instant following asynchronous operation
ACA - EXCIT - 10 / 72 HO
BRUSHLESS EXCITER - 5
Failure of PMG leads to excitation failure
causing asynchronous operation and TG
shut down. Decaying field could attempt
to drive current in reverse direction, thus
inducing high voltages across diodes.
Good damping contains over - voltages
within 400% of rated excitation under
worst case. At 500 V rated voltage, peak
voltage across diode would be 1000V.
ACA - EXCIT - 11 / 72 HO
EXCITER COOLING
VAPOR EXHAUST
COOLER
A C ARON
ACA - EXCIT - 12 / 72 3 FEB 01
BRUSHLESS EXCITATION - BASIC
EXCITATION SYSTEM SCHEME
BRUSH FOR E/F DETECTION
PILOT EXCITER
AVR QUADRAT. AXIS COIL
EXCITER
R - C BLOCK
+
TG ROTOR
TG STATOR
A. C. ARON
ACA - EXCIT - 12 / 72 99 09 12
BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEM
ACA - EXCIT - 13 / 72 HO
BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEM - 2
Automatic follow up circuit is provided to
supervise & match firing pulses in Auto &
Manual channels, so that auto-manual
changeover takes place with minimum
disturbance .
Automatic changeover from ‘Auto’ to
‘Manual’ if auto channel circuit faults.
Modules of AVR are plug in type so that
defective one can be pulled out and
repaired with AVR in operation.
ACA-EXCIT-15 / 72
BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEM - 3
ACA - EXCIT - 16 / 72 HO
B’LESS AUTO
VOLT REGULN.: SCHEME: MEDIUM
MANUALTGs
BALANCING OUT PUT CURRENT
R Y B M GEN VOLT INSTMT.
SET POINT
DV M SET POINT
VT MEASURING
CIRCUIT GEN VOLT
COMPENSATE CONTROLLER CONTROLER
CT
FOLLOW UP
CONTROL
G GATE GATE
CONTROL CONTROL
DE-EXCITN AUTO-
MANUAL
CONTROL SELECTOR
EXC
THYR.
PMG
FB
A. C. ARON
ACA - EXCIT - 17 / 72 15 02 2000
SPECIAL FEATURES OF SYSTEM
De-excitation takes place in exciter field
circuit only. Hence it takes longer, as in
case of 2 ph short in TG stator winding.
De-excitation starts only after TG unit is
disconnected from system. Most of fault
energy is converted by this time.
Even ultra high speed de-excitation can
not influence DC component of short
circuit current.
ACA - EXCIT - 18 / 72 HO
SYSTEM SPECIAL FEATURES - 2
It is also impossible to supress field in
quadrature axis by negative excitation.
Depending upon system fault power,
nearly 40% of energy at fault point can
be suppressed by ultra high speed de-
excitation.
On a 2 ph short circuit, therefore, fastest de -
excitation cannot prevent serious damage
to stator.
ACA - EXCIT - 19 / 72 HO
SYSTEM SPECIAL FEATURES - 3
ACA - EXCIT - 20 / 72 HO
SYSTEM SPECIAL FEATURES - 4
Coils voltage rises linearly with current.
UCB instrument shows current in Amp.
as read by quadrature axis coils.
In factory, for exciter testing, detachable
slip rings are coupled to measure exact
current, voltage and temperature rise
values.
ACA - EXCIT - 21 / 72 HO
B’LESS EXCITER - CONSTRUCTION
A. C. ARON
ACA - EXCIT - 23 / 72
99 09 09
CONNECTION TO TG ROTOR - 2
SILVER
PLATED
A C ARON
ACA - EXCIT - 24 / 72 02 06 2000
D C LEAD ASSEMBLY
LOCK SCREW
INSULATION
TUBE
NUT
SEALING
ACA - EXCIT - 27 / 72 HO
B’LESS EXCITER CONSTRUCTION - 3
Resin encapsulated R-C blocks suppress
momentary voltage peaks arising from
commutation.
DC from wheels is fed to leads arranged in
central bore via radial bolts.
ACA - EXCIT - 28 / 72 HO
B’LESS EXCITER: AC LEADS
BE 54 / 34 - 30 / 6 - 4 FOR 67 MW TG
TO DIODES BLOWER TO AC
ARMATURE
B D F
B D SEC F-F
SEC B-B D-D F
TO DIODES
A C ARON
ACA - EXCIT - 29 / 18 FEB 01
B’LESS EXCITER - DC CONNECTIONS
A. C. ARON
21 02 2000
ACA - EXCIT - 30 / 72
B’LESS EXCITER CONSTRUCTION - 4
3 phase main exciter is a 6 pole machine
Stator frame has poles with field, damper
winding and quadrature axis measuring
coil for monitoring TG rotor current.
AC output is led to circular bus bars to
which diodes are connected.
Rotor is made of stacked laminations
which are pressed together and held by
through bolts and end press rings.
ACA - EXCIT - 31/72 HO
B’LESS EXCITER CONSTRUCTION - 5
Winding overhang is held by 18 Cr-18Mn
alloy steel bandage wire. This alloy is
stress corrosion proof. Earlier 8-8-4 alloy
was used that required to be coated with
silicone varnish to protect it from stress
corrosion.
Wound armature is impregnated with
class F resin system and hot cured.
Thereafter it is shrunk fit on to the shaft.
ACA - EXCIT - 32 / 72 HO
B’LESS EXCITER CONSTRUCTION - 6
One pedestal bearing only with
hydraulic lift provision is provided.The
bearing has provision for vibration pick
up and is electrically insulated from
earth.
Exciter has closed air ventilation system
with its own air-cooler & shaft mounted
centrifugal fan.
ACA - EXCIT - 33 / 72 HO
B’LESS EXCITER CONSTRUCTION - 7
Dry air blower is provided to keep exciter dry
during rest / barring gear. It consists of motor
- blower, heaters, air filter and desiccant.
Continuous reactivation process is possible.
Cleanliness of exciter
is impt. because of airAIR
HEATER
cooling & optimum
electric.clearances.
ROTATING
DESICCANT
BED
EXHAUST
TO EXCITER
ACA - EXCIT - 34 / 72 HO
PMG - PILOT EXCITER
Low excitation power-400 HZ permanent magnet
generator is provided as pilot exciter with
brushless exciters.
The PMG ELP 50/42-30/16 is rated : 65 KVA,
220 V, 3 Ph, 91 A and 158 A for field forcing.
Frame has laminated core with 3ph wdg. Rotor
has mounted poles. Permanent magnets are
screwed to poles.
ACA- EXCIT - 35 / 72 HO
PMG - PILOT EXCITER - 2
TESTS
Magnetization and stabilization of
‘permanent’ magnets. Check locking.
Load characteristics.
Heat run at full load. Measure temps.
High voltage tests and insulation
resistance measurements.
ACA - EXCIT - 36 / 72 HO
EXCITER TESTING
Rotor balanced & over-speeded 120%.
Flux test on armature core before wdg.
Inter-turn health test on field coils.
Ohmic and insulation resistance of field
and armature windings.
HV tests on armature winding, diode
assembly and field winding.
Diode failure indicating equipment-test.
ACA - EXCIT - 37 / 72 HO
EXCITER TESTING - 2
Full load test run with 1.21 R20 resist.
and 110% current ( IR ).
Heat run at 110% generator rotor rated
voltage and current.
OCC - upto ceiling voltage vs IF .
Quadrature axis coil volts vs I R for
maximum armature current.
Response ratio - ceiling voltage.
Computation of losses and efficiency.
ACA - EXCIT - 38 / 72 HO
B’LESS EXCITER FOR 65 MW ABB TG
223 V DC, 1145 A (1260 A), Class F Nomex in
rotor & Micadur in field wdg.
Exciter coupled with one bearing only.
Ceiling voltage : 1.6 Rated: 355 Volts
Manual control - max voltage: 245 V
Response ratio with a 10% step signal disturbance
not less than 1.25.
5.5 kW pilot exciter with 6.5 kW maxim.
Rated voltage:170 V, Ceiling: 260 V.
ACA - EXCIT - 39 / 72
B’LESS EXCITER FOR 67.5 MW
BE 54 / 34 - 30 / 6 - 4
Continuous rating: 1000 A, 550 V
10 Seconds rating: 1440 A, 800 V
Armature dia: 54 cm; Length: 34 cm.
Thermal class F insulation:
Rotor winding : ‘Micalastic’
Field winding: Spun glass
Rotor bandage: Tin coated 18Mn -18Cr
alloy steel wire or alternate.
Pilot exciter: ELP 39/12 - 30 - 6
ACA - EXCIT - 40 / 72
B’LESS EXCITER FOR 250 MW
BE 70 / 62 - 30 / 6 - 10
Continuous rating: 3200 A, 420 V
10 seconds rating: 4500 A, 600 V
Armature dia: 70 cm; Length: 62 cm.
Thermal class F insulation:
Rotor winding : Micalastic
Field winding: Spun glass
Rotor bandage: Tin coated 18Mn -18Cr alloy
steel wire.
ACA - EXCIT - 41 / 72
B’LESS EXCITER FOR 500 MW
BE 70 / 90 - 30 / 6 - 20
Rating: 3840 kW, 6300 A, 600 V
10 seconds output: 7050 kW
Current & voltage: 8600 A, 820 V.
Nominal current : 4030 Amp.
Response ratio: >2
60 diodes per wheel (20 per arm)
Current per diode: 67 A, and
with 6 out of 20 diodes failed: 96 A
Armature dia: 70 cm; Length 90 cm
ACA - EXCIT - 42 / 72
ALIGNMENT OF EXCITER ROTOR
Rotor is located with respect to TG rotor by spigot
and 3 guide bolts. Studs & nuts rigidly couple the
two rotors.
Rotors are rotated. Dial indications taken on
exciter journal & coupling flange OD and on
TG rotor coupling flange OD. These values to
be < 0.03 mm.
If run-out is more on exciter flange, same to be
adjusted with the aid of clearances.
ACA - EXCIT - 43 / 72 HO
ALIGNMENT OF EXCITER ROTOR - 2
ACA - EXCIT - 45 / 72 HO
EXCITER SUPERVISION - 2
ACA - EXCIT - 46 / 72 HO
SPARES FOR BRUSHLESS SYSTEM
ACA - EXCIT - 54 / 72
STATIC EXCITN.- MAINTENANCE - 6
ACA - EXCIT - 55 / 72
STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM
BHEL EDN-90-653-018
ACA - EXCIT - 60 / 72
STATIC EXCITATION CIRCUIT
THW - 210 TYPE TG
RECTIFIER TRANSFORMER
2500 KVA 15.75 KV/575V DYN 5
TY1
AVR ~
TY2
AUTO
FCB CEX 3000 MANU
TY3
1200V 3000A ~
COIL 220V DC
TY4
NO LOAD 917A, 95 V
FULL LOAD 2500A, 300 V
5 KVA 415 / 35V
220 V BATTERY EXCIT - 61 / 72 A. C. ARON
STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM - 6
A supplementary signal acting on AVR is
supplied from stabilizer equipment. Later
serves to dampen active power oscillations.
Gate control set 1001 with subsequent line
driver 0082 and intermediate pulse-stage 0096
is duplicated for both auto & manual channels.
In manual channel, it is directly controlled
from a digital reference value unit whereas in
auto, it is controlled by AVR.
ACA - EXCIT - 62 / 72
STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM - 7
Manual channel should be used only when
auto channel fails or in emergency.
Since redundancy is fully effective only if
monitored, pulse monitor 0053 is connected
to output of gate control set in both channels.
If pulse failure is recorded by 0053 of auto,
automatic transfer to manual channel occurs.
If failure of manual channel is recorded,
alarm gets initiated in control room. ACA - EXCIT - 63 / 72
To avoid surges on changeover, pulse
position of both channels is compared in
‘Pulse comparing stage 0040’ for manual
channel follow up. Matching is effected with a
follow up control device with 0016 & 0510 directly
acting on manual potentiometer.
Each converter block has its own pulse final
output stage 0097. Here they are further
amplified for firing thyristors. If one block fails,
pulses are blocked in corresponding final stage.
ACA - EXCIT - 64 / 72
STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM - 9
ACA - EXCIT - 65 / 72
STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM - 10
ACA - EXCIT - 66 / 72
EXCITATION SYSTEM AT KORBA
BY P R DAHAKE & B P NANDA OF NTPC KORBA 1985
ACA - EXCIT - 67 / 72
EXCITATION SYSTEM AT KORBA - 2
BY P R DAHAKE & B P NANDA OF NTPC KORBA 1985
ACA - EXCIT - 68 / 72
EXCITATION SYSTEM AT KORBA - 3
BY P R DAHAKE & B P NANDA OF NTPC KORBA 1985
ACA - EXCIT - 69 / 72
EXCITATION SYSTEM AT KORBA - 4
BY P R DAHAKE & B P NANDA OF NTPC KORBA 1985
ACA - EXCIT - 70 / 72
EXCITATION SYSTEM AT SSTPS
BY B N OJHA & V K AGARWAL OF NTPC SINGRAULI 1985
AFSHA REHMANI
CLASS 5