Magnets and

Magnetism
Presented by: Group 2
 What is a Magnet?
A magnet is a material or object that

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generates a magnetic field, which is a
region where magnetic forces are
exerted. It has two poles, commonly
referred to as north and south, and
opposite poles attract while like poles
repel each other. Magnets are used in
various applications such as electric
motors, generators, and magnetic
storage devices due to their ability to
interact with other magnetic materials.

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 What is Magnetism?
Magnetism is the force exerted by

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magnets when they attract or repel
each other. Magnetism is caused
by the motion of electric charges.
Every substance is made up of
tiny units called atoms. Each atom
has electrons, particles that carry
electric charges.

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 How does a Magnet
Work?
The most common explanation for

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how magnets work is through the
concept of magnetic domains.

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 What is a Magnetic
Field?
A magnetic field is a region in space where a
magnetic force can be observed. It is created by

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the motion of electric charges, typically the
movement of electrons within atoms or the flow
of electric current. The magnetic field works by
exerting a force on other magnetic objects or
charged particles, causing them to align or
experience a magnetic attraction or repulsion.

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 Types of Magnets

There are three main types of

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magnets: permanent magnets,
temporary magnets, and
electromagnets.

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 What is a Magnetic
Material?
Magnetic materials are substances that
possess the ability to generate a magnetic

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field or respond to magnetic fields. These
materials can be classified into different
categories based on their magnetic
properties, such as ferromagnetic,
paramagnetic, diamagnetic, and
ferrimagnetic materials.

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Earths Magnetic Field
Earth's magnetic field is a protective shield
surrounding the planet, extending from its

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interior out into space. It is generated by
the motion of molten iron in the Earth's
outer core, creating a complex and
dynamic magnetic field. The Earth's
magnetic field plays a vital role in
navigation, as compasses align with its
lines of force, and it also protects the planet
from harmful solar radiation.

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Magnetic field strength, represented by the symbol H, is a measure of the intensity or strength of a magnetic field produced
by a current-carrying conductor or a magnetic material. It is different from magnetic field induction (B) but related to it through the
permeability of the medium. The formula for magnetic field strength is:

H = (N * I) / l

where: H is the magnetic field strength in amperes per meter (A/m),

N is the number of turns in the coil or solenoid,
I is the current flowing through the coil or solenoid in amperes (A),
l(L) is the length of the coil or solenoid in meters (m).

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Sample Problem: Let's consider a coil with 500 turns, carrying a current of 2.5 amperes (A), and having a length of 0.3 meters
(m). We want to calculate the magnetic field strength produced by this coil.

Given: N = 500 turns

I = 2.5 A
l = 0.3 m

Using the magnetic field strength formula, we can calculate:

H = (N * I) / l
H = (500 * 2.5) / 0.3 H = 1250 / 0.3 H ≈ 4166.67 A/m

Therefore, the magnetic field strength produced by the coil is approximately 4166.67
amperes per meter (A/m).
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Magnetic flux refers to the quantity that measures the strength of a magnetic field passing through a given
area. It is represented by the symbol Φ and is measured in webers (Wb). The formula for magnetic flux is:

Φ = B * A * cos(θ)

where:
Φ is the magnetic flux in webers (Wb),
B is the magnetic field strength or magnetic induction in teslas (T),
A is the area of the surface that the magnetic field passes through in square meters (m²),
θ is the angle between the magnetic field and the normal to the surface.

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Sample Problem: Consider a magnetic field with a strength of 0.6 teslas (T) passing through a square surface of
0.1 square meters (m²). The magnetic field is perpendicular to the surface, so the angle (θ) is 0 degrees. Calculate
the magnetic flux passing through the surface.

Given: B = 0.6 T
A = 0.1 m²
θ = 0 degrees

Using the magnetic flux formula, we can calculate:

Φ = B * A * cos(θ)
Φ = 0.6 T * 0.1 m² * cos(0°)
Φ = 0.06 T·m² * 1
Φ = 0.06 T·m²

Therefore, the magnetic flux passing through the surface is 0.06 tesla-meter squared (T·m²).
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Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction describes the relationship between a changing magnetic field and
the induced electromotive force (emf) in a conducting loop or circuit. The law states that the induced emf is proportional
to the rate of change of magnetic flux. The formula for Faraday's law is:

ε = -N * (ΔΦ / Δt)

where:
ε is the induced electromotive force (emf) in volts (V),
N is the number of turns in the coil or conducting loop,
ΔΦ is the change in magnetic flux in webers (Wb),
Δt is the change in time in seconds (s).

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Sample Problem: Suppose we have a coil with 200 turns, and the magnetic flux through the coil changes from 0.02 Wb
to 0.06 Wb in 0.5 seconds. We want to calculate the induced electromotive force (emf) in the coil.

Given:
N = 200 turns
ΔΦ = 0.06 Wb - 0.02 Wb = 0.04 Wb
Δt = 0.5 s

Using Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction formula, we can compute:

ε = -N * (ΔΦ / Δt)
ε = -200 * (0.04 Wb / 0.5 s)
ε = -200 * 0.08 V
ε = -16 V

Therefore, the induced electromotive force (emf) in the coil is -16 volts (V). The negative sign 11
indicates the direction of the induced current or the polarity of the emf.
Sample Problem:
A wire loop with a radius of 0.2 meters
is placed perpendicular to a magnetic
field. The magnetic field decreases

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uniformly from 0.5 Tesla to 0.2 Tesla in
0.5 seconds. Calculate the induced
electromotive force (emf) in the loop.
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Magnetic forces are non contact forces; they pull or push on objects without touching them. Magnets are only attracted to a
few 'magnetic' metals and not all matter. Magnets are attracted to and repel other magnets. The formula for magnetic force is
given by:
F = q * (v × B) θ

where:
F is the magnetic force in newtons (N),
q is the charge of the particle or conductor in coulombs (C),
v is the velocity vector of the particle or conductor,
B is the magnetic field vector.
Theta=angle between velocity and magnetic field vectors

Sample Problem: Consider a charged particle with a charge of 3 microcoulombs (3 μC) moving with a velocity of 5 meters per

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second (m/s) in a magnetic field of 0.2 teslas (T). The velocity vector and magnetic field vector are perpendicular to each other.
Calculate the magnetic force acting on the particle.

Given:
q = 3 μC = 3 × 10^(-6) C
v = 5 m/s
B = 0.2 T

Using the magnetic force formula, we can calculate:

F = q * (v × B)
F = (3 × 10^(-6) C) * (5 m/s) * (0.2 T) * sin(90°)
F = 3 × 10^(-6) C * 5 m/s * 0.2 T
F = 3 × 10^(-6) C * 5 m/s * 0.2 T
F = 3 × 10^(-6) C * 1 N/C * 1 C/(1 V·s) * 1 V·s/m * 1 m/s
F = 3 × 10^(-6) N

Therefore, the magnetic force acting on the charged particle is 3 × 10^(-6) newtons (N).
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 BY GROUP 2:
-CHRISTIAN LUIS
ENDRINA

Thank -NIKKI CASPE

-IVAN TOONG

You!
-JOHN BONIE
HUBAHIB
-KENT DONAIRE
VAIDAL
-ERNEST JOHN
CUIZON