Urban and Rural Energy Systems

Dr. Ram Chandra

Centre for Rural Development and Technology
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Hauz Khas, New Delhi – 110 016, India
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 Indian Energy Scenario

1. Petroleum Growing foreign dependency !!!

262.36 MMT

Domestic production 34.2

MMT
Import 228.16 MMT (87%) Thermal 231.45 GW 62.2%
Hydro 45.69 GW 12.2%
2. Electricity 371.97 GW
Nuclear 6.78 GW 1.8%
Wind– 37.9 GW (43.0%) Renewables 88.04 GW 23.6%
Small hydro– 5.3 GW (7.2%)
88.04 GW

Solar PV– 40.0 GW (22.3%) Coal 199.59 GW 86.2%

Gas 24.99 GW 10.8%
Biomass– 9.9 GW (11.2%)
Diesel 0.509 GW 0.20%
Waste to energy – 0.148 (0.16%) Lignite 6.36 GW 2.7%
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Sources: Ministry of Power; MoP&NG; and MNRE, Govt. of India (2018-2019 and July 2020).
 Resources Distribution
Sl. No. Item Urban
1 Basic Needs - Fuel used;;; LPG, CNG (PNG),
Cooking Electricity…. Clean Fuel are used Coal, LPG (very few %), Electricity
How Much Energy??? LPG
1LPG Cylinder: 14.2 LPG;
Energy Value: 14.2 kg x 45
MJ/kg = 640 MJ
How many days does it go: 50
day in a family of 4 members.
12.8 MJ/day/family or 3.2
MJ/d/person….3.55 kWh
Thermal efficiency of the device:
65%.
8.32 MJ = 2.3 kWh
Rural
Biomass (Cow dung cake, Firewood),
(Almost nil)
Main Resource: Biomass (more than
80% of rural population): Dirty fuel
12.8 MJ/d ---- Biomass – Energy
Value – 10-18 MJ/kg of dry matter.
15 MJ/kg (CV – HHV and LHV)
Combustion: Heat +
CO2+H2Ov+Pullutants
Bomb Calorimeter – HHV….
LHV – No heat of vapour
3
condensation contributes…
 Resources Distribution
Sl. No. Item Urban Rural
1 Basic Needs - Fuel used;;; LPG, CNG (PNG), 12.8 MJ/d ---- Biomass – Energy
Cooking and Electricity…. Clean Fuel are used Value – 10-18 MJ/kg of dry matter.
livelihood 15 MJ/kg (LHV)
How Much Energy??? LPG
1LPG Cylinder: 14.2 LPG; Amount of Fuel (Biomass) = 0.85 kg
Energy Value: 14.2 kg x 45 of fuel wood..
MJ/kg = 640 MJ
How many days does it go: 50 Thermal efficiency of biomass
day in a family of 4 members. cookstove is 10%

12.8 MJ/day/family or 3.2 Amount of Fuel (Biomass) = 8.5 kg of

MJ/d/person….3.55 kWh fuel wood.
Thermal efficiency of the device:
65%. Say 10 kg of fuel wood/day
4
8.32 MJ = 2.3 kWh
 Resources Distribution
Sl. No. Item Urban Rural
1 Basic Needs - Fuel used;;; LPG, CNG (PNG), Biogas – CV 20 MJ/m3. Thermal
Cooking and Electricity…. Clean Fuel are used efficiency = same as LPG (65%)
livelihood
How Much Energy??? LPG CV varies with methane content is gas.
1LPG Cylinder: 14.2 LPG;
Energy Value: 14.2 kg x 45
MJ/kg = 640 MJ
How many days does it go: 50
day in a family of 4 members.

12.8 MJ/day/family or 3.2

MJ/d/person….3.55 kWh
Thermal efficiency of the device:
65%.
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8.32 MJ = 2.3 kWh
 Resources Distribution
Sl. No. Item Urban Rural
2 Livelihood and Electricity ---- 300 kWh/month Electricity – Lighting and Fans – 100
Luxurious kWh
(lighting, fan,
ac – cooling
and heating)
3 Transportation Car, Bike ---- Petrol and diesel Bike (Petrol), Cycle – Human Being,
Tractor (Diesel), Animals (Camel,
Horse, Bullock etc.) – to carry agri
produces
4 Agricultural NIL (only processing industries) Tractor (Diesel), Animal Power,
production Electricity – for irrigation purpose.
5 Industry Yes, E, P, D, Coal No industry (very few small scale
processing).
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