The Philosophical Orientation and

Development of Philippine
Educational System
 Japanese Period
 Republic Years
 Aquino Years
 DepEd of Today

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JAPANESE PERIOD
The Japanese Military Administration's Order No. 2 of February
17, 1942, had six basic points:
1. the propagation of Filipino culture;
2. the dissemination of the principle of the 
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere;
3. the spiritual rejuvenation of the Filipinos;
4. the teaching and propagation of Nihongo (Nipongo);
5. the diffusion of vocational and elementary education; and
6. "the promotion of the love of labor".
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• As soon as the Commission of Education, Health and Public
Welfare was established, the opening of schools followed in
June 1942.

3
• October 14, 1943 - the Ministry of Education was sponsored
and created by the Japanese government

• February 27, 1945 - the Department of Instruction was now

under the Department of Public Instruction

4
 Japanese Devised Curriculum
•School and Academic calendar became longer –
more emphasis on days attended
•No summer break for students – education must
continue
•Class size increased to 60
•American influence curriculum was abolished
•Nihongo and Japanese culture were introduced
5
REPUBLIC YEARS
During the period from the proclamation of the Third
Philippine Republic on July 4, 1946, under the
administration of President Manuel Roxas until the pre-
martial law days of the Marcos regime, the country's
educational philosophy was in accordance with the
provisions of Article XIV, section 5 of the 1935 Constitution
which provides that:

• all
educational institution is under the supervision of and
subject to regulation of the State
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• the government shall provide at least free primary
instruction and citizenship training to adults

• the educational aims are to develop moral character, personal

discipline, civic consciousness, and vocational efficiency and
teach the duties of citizenship religious education is optional

• Universities enjoy academic freedom

• the State shall create scholarships for gifted citizens

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• In1972, the Department of Education became the
Department of Education and Culture by the virtue
of Proclamation 1081 which was signed by
President Ferdinand Marcos.

• OnJanuary 17, 1973, President Marcos ratified the

1973 Constitution by Proclamation 1102.

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• The1973 Constitution set out the three
fundamental aims of education in the Philippines,
to:

foster love of country;

teach the duties of citizenship; and
develop moral character, self-discipline, and
scientific, technological and vocational efficiency

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• On September 24, 1972, by Presidential Decree No. 1, the
Department of Education, Culture and Sports was
decentralized with decision-making shared among
thirteen regional offices.

• In1978, by the Presidential Decree No. 1397, the

Department of Education and Culture became the
Ministry of Education and Culture.

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• The Education Act of 1982 provided for an integrated system
of education covering both formal and non-formal education
at all levels.
• Section 29 of the act sought to upgrade educational
institutions' standards to achieve "quality education" through
voluntary accreditation for schools, colleges, and universities
• Section 16 and Section 17 - upgrade the obligations and
qualifications required for teachers and administrators
• Section 41 - provide for government financial assistance to
private schools

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AQUINO YEARS
• Thechange of government brought about the adoption of the
1987 Philippine Constitution.

• Corazon C. Aquino, as President, initiated education reforms

by incorporating values education as one of the subjects in
basic education and teacher education institutions.

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ARTICLE XIV - Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture,
and Sports

SECTION 1. The State shall protect and promote the right of all
citizens to quality education at all levels and shall take appropriate
steps to make such education accessible to all.

SECTION 2. The State shall:

(1) Establish, maintain, and support a complete, adequate, and
integrated system of education relevant to the needs of the people
and society;
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(2) Establish and maintain a system of free public education in
the elementary and high school levels. Without limiting the
natural right of parents to rear their children, elementary
education is compulsory for all children of school age;

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(3) Establish and maintain a system of scholarship grants,
student loan programs, subsidies, and other incentives which
shall be available to deserving students in both public and
private schools, especially to the underprivileged;

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(4) Encourage non-formal, informal, and indigenous learning
systems, as well as self-learning, independent, and out-of-
school study programs particularly those that respond to
community needs; and

(5) Provide adult citizens, the disabled, and out-of-school

youth with training in civics, vocational efficiency, and other
skills.

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• In1987, the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports
became again the DECS under Executive Order No. 117.

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• On
May 26, 1988, the Congress of the Philippines
enacted the Republic Act 6655 or the Free Public
Secondary Education Act of 1988

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On February 3, 1992, the Congress enacted Republic Act
7323

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• The Congressional Commission on Education (EDCOM)
report of 1991 recommended the division of DECS into
three parts. On May 18, 1994, the Congress passed
Republic Act 7722 or the Higher Education Act of 1994,
creating the Commission on Higher Education (CHED).

• On August 25, 1994, the Congress passed Republic Act

7796 or the Technical Education and Skills Development
Act of 1994, creating the Technical Education and Skills
Development Authority (TESDA).

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• The government adopted a Medium-Term Development
Program (MTDP) for the 1993-1998 period that
prescribed investment in education and building of
human capacities through skills training and poverty
alleviation programs.

21
• The government also approved a 10-year education
project (1997-2006) directed at the poorest provinces in
the Philippines (called Third Elementary Education
Project or TEEP) with funding support from Japan Bank
for International Cooperation (JBIC) and World Bank
(WB).

22
• President
Ramos signed two important documents to
pursue human rights education in the country:

Human Rights Education Decade Plan

Philippine Plan on Gender and Development

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• During the term of the next President (Joseph Ejercito
Estrada), education became a major issue through a
legislative committee report on the deteriorating state of
the education system and the need to provide more
funding and other support for its development.

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• Thisled to the Project Teacher Amelioration for Optimum
Welfare, which aims to "improve education by improving
teacher welfare."

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DepEd of Today

• InAugust 2001, Republic Act 9155, otherwise called the

Governance of Basic Education Act, was passed. This act
changed the name of DECS to the current Department of
Education (DepEd) and redefined the role of field offices
(regional offices, division offices, district offices and
schools).

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• The succeeding government of President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo adopted a new school curriculum for
primary and secondary levels, known as Basic Education
Curriculum.

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• In
2006, the Education for All (EFA) National Action Plan
was implemented. It states:

" The central goal is to provide basic competencies to

everyone, and to achieve functional literacy for all.
Ensuring that every Filipino has the basic competencies
is equivalent to providing all Filipinos with the basic
learning needs, or enabling all Filipinos to be
functionally literate. "

28
• In2010, then-Senator Benigno Aquino III expressed his
desire to implement the K-12 basic education cycle to
increase the number of years of compulsory education to
thirteen years.

• Accordingto him, this will "give everyone an equal chance

to succeed" and "have quality education and profitable
jobs".

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• Afterfurther consultations and studies, the
government under President Aquino formally
adopted the K-6-4-2 basic education system.

30
• In2011, the Department of Education started to
implement the new K-12 educational system, which
also included a new curriculum for all schools
nationwide. The K-12 program has a so-called
"phased implementation", which started in S.Y
2011-2012.

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• Total number of years of basic education had been
to 12 years instead of 10
• Focuses on the mastery of basic competencies
• Encourages critical thinking rather than rote
memory
• More interactive and relevant in everyday life

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• Kinderis made mandatory at age five, a pre-requisite to
admission to grade 1

• Implements the mother tongue-based multilingual

education (MTB-MLE) from Kinder to Grade 3 using
twelve major regional dialects: Tagalog, Kapampangan,
Pangasinense, Iloko, Bikol, Cebuano, Hilagaynon, Waray,
Bahasa-sug, Maguindanaon, Maranao and Chabacano

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• English and Filipino used as medium of instruction
starting grade 4

• Added 2 years of senior High School where they follow a

career track in Science and Technology, Music and Arts,
Agriculture and Fisheries, Sports, Business and
Entrepreneurship

• K-12graduates will be equipped with middle level skills

enabling them to gain employment
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1. Preparedness for tertiary learning
2. Readiness to join the workforce
3. Skill competency in the global job market

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