INTRODUCTION

TO CONICS
The Conics
The curves formed when a double right circular cone is cut by a
plane are called conic sections or conics.
Depending on the angle of the plane with respect to the cone, a
conic may be a circle, a parabola, an ellipse, or a hyperbola.

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

The Circle
A circle is formed when the plane
that intersects the cone is
perpendicular to the axis of
symmetry.

The bounded curve formed when

the plane is horizontal.

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

The Parabola
A parabola is formed when the
plane that intersects the cone is
parallel to the side of the cone.

The unbounded curve formed

when the plane intersects only
one cone.

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

The Ellipse
An ellipse is formed when the
plane that intersects the cone is
oblique (slanting) to the axis of
symmetry.

The bounded curve formed when

the plane is tilted.

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

The Hyperbola
A hyperbola is formed when the plane that
cuts both halves of the cone intersects the
cone parallel to the axis of symmetry.

The unbounded curves (each called a branch

of the hyperbola) when the plane (not
necessarily vertical) intersects two cones.

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

The Degenerate Conics
The figures formed when the plane that intersects the cone
passes through the vertex are called degenerate conics.
A degenerate conic may be a point, line, or two intersecting
lines.

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

Applications
Some real life examples of conic sections in real life are:

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

General Equation of Conics
One way to represent conics is through its general quadratic equation in
terms of and of the form:

where and are constants and are not all zero.

We will only study conics whose axes are parallel to the -axis and -axis.
Hence, there will be no term, so .
So, the general equation of a conic will then be

where and are not both equal to zero.

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE
Identifying Conics

2 2
𝐴𝑥 +𝐶𝑦 +𝐷𝑥+𝐸𝑦+𝐹=0
Table 1.1 Type of Conic Sections given by General Equation

CASES CONIC SECTION

(i) When A = C Circle
(ii) When A and C have the same sign Ellipse
and
A ≠ C thus +A, +C or –A,-C
(iii) When A = 0 or C = 0 Parabola

(iv) When A and C have the opposite Hyperbola

signs thus +A, -C or - A, +C

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

Identifying Conics
Given the following general equation of conics, classify each
equation according to the type of conic.

1. Ellipse

2. Hyperbola

3. Parabola

4. Circle

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

STM 111 (Pre-Calculus)
Lesson 1: The Circle
 D E FIN ITIO N
 EQ U ATIO N
 G R A PH
 A P PL IC ATI O N S
The Circle
A circle is consist of all points on the
plane equidistant from a fixed point P (x, y)
called the center.
r

C (h, k)
The distance from the center to any
point on the circle is called the radius r
of the circle.
P1 (x1, y1)

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

General Form of Equation
The general form of equation of a circle with center and
radius is

Remark: By completing the square, the general form of equation

can be transformed into standard form.

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

The Standard Form of a Circle

The distance from the center to any

point on the circle is called the radius
of the circle.

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

The Standard Form of a Circle

If the center is at the

origin

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

 Examples:
1. Find the equation of a circle with a center is at the origin and a radius of 5
units.
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 :
Given: 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 =𝑟 2

center : (0,0) 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2
=5 2
Radius : 5 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 +𝒚 =𝟐𝟓

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

 Examples:
2. Write the equation of a circle centered at (0,3) and with radius 6

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 :
Given:
center : (0,3)
¿
h = 0 and k = 3
Radius : 6 𝒙 𝟐 +( 𝒚 − 𝟑)𝟐 =𝟑𝟔

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

 Examples:
3. Write the equation of a circle centered at (2,-5) and with radius 10.

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 :
Given: ¿
center : (2,-5)
h = 2 and k = 5
Radius : 10 ( 𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐+( 𝒚 +𝟓)𝟐=𝟏𝟎𝟎

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

 Examples:
1. Find the center and the radius of a circle

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 : Therefore, the center of the

circle is (0,0) and its radius is 8.
𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 =𝑟 2

𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 =64 =8

𝑥2 + 𝑦 2
=8

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

 Transforming standard form
to general Form

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

 Transforming GENERAL form
to STANDARD Form

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

General Form of Equation

Let , , and

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

 Examples:
1. Write the general equation of a circle with center (4,-1) and
a radius of 7 units.
2 2 2 2 2 2
Given : ( 𝑥 − h ) + ( 𝑦 − 𝑘 ) =𝑟 ( 𝑥 − 4 ) + ( 𝑦 +1 ) =7
center (4,-1)
radius (7)
( 𝑥 − 4 )2+ ( 𝑦 +1 )2= 49
Let
D = -8 , E = 2 and F = -32
2 2
𝑥 − 8 𝑥 +16 + 𝑦 +2 𝑦 +1 = 49
𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 − 8 𝑥 +2 𝑦 +1 6 +1=49
𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 − 8 𝑥 +2 𝑦 +1 7 − 49= 0
𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 − 8 𝑥 +2 𝑦 − 32 =0
STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE
General Form to Standard Form
Transform the following equations into standard form.
Identify the center and the radius.
a.
b.
C.

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

General Form to Standard Form
a.

Completing the square

by adding
(
4 9 4 9
2 3 1/ 4 factoring

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

General Form to Standard Form
a.

 Center :
 Radius:

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

General Form to Standard Form
b.

1 36 1 36
4 25 4 25
1 6 9
2 5 4
STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE
General Form to Standard Form
b.

 Center :
 Radius:

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

Graphing Circles
Find the center and radius of the circle given the
following equation. Sketch the graph.
1.
2.
3.

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

Graphing Circles
1.

C (0, 0)
 Center :
 Radius:

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

Graphing Circles
2.

 Center :
 Radius:
C (-1, -3)

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

Graphing Circles
3.

Method: Completing the Square

add

( 4 25 4 25
2 5 16 factoring

Center :
STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE
Graphing Circles
3.
 Center :

C (2, -5)

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

ACTIVITY
Directions: Transform the following
equations into standard form. Identify the
center and the radius and graph the circle.
a.
b.
C.

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

 applications

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

Applications
#1
A street with two lanes, each 10 ft wide goes through a semi-
circular tunnel with radius 12 ft. How high is the tunnel at the
edge of each lane? Round off to two decimal places.

𝒙𝟐 +𝒚 𝟐=𝟏𝟒𝟒 12

? 6 𝑃(10,𝑦)
10 ft 10 ft

12 ft −12−1 0 1 012

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

Applications
#1

𝒙𝟐 +𝒚 𝟐=𝟏𝟒𝟒 12

6 𝑃(10,𝑦)

−12−1 0 1 012

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

Try This!
A street with two lanes, each 12 ft
wide goes through a semi-circular
tunnel with radius 14 ft. How high
is the tunnel at the edge of each
lane? Round off to two decimal
places.

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

 ANSWER ME!

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

 This is formed when the plane that
intersects the cone is perpendicular
to the axis of symmetry.

CIRCLE
STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE
 When A and C have the same sign
and
A ≠ C thus +A, +C or –A,-C

ELLIPSE

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

 This is formed when the plane that
cuts both halves of the cone
intersects the cone parallel to the
axis of symmetry.

HYPERBOLA

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

 When A and C have the opposite
signs thus +A, -C or - A, +C,-C

HYPERBOLA

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

 This is formed when the plane that
intersects the cone is parallel to the
side of the cone.

PARABOLA

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

 What is the General Form of a
Circle?

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

 What is the Standard Form of a
Circle?

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
( 𝒙 − 𝒉) + ( 𝒚 −𝒌 ) =𝒓
STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE
Graph the circle given the center
is at the origin and with radius 3.

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

 Write the equation of a circle
centered at (0,3) and with radius 6.

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

 Complete the Equation
2

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

 SUMMARY

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

 How can a circle be useful in your
daily life? Site an example where
the concept of the circle can be
used.

STM 111 (PRE-CALCULUS) – LESSON 1: THE CIRCLE

Muchas
gracias!