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GIT Nursing Updatted.
GIT Nursing Updatted.
Physiology of GIT
20%
HORIZONTAL
60%
INTEGRATION
CORE SUBJECT
Physiology
biochemistry
7% 8%
VERTICAL VERTICAL
INTEGRATION INTEGRATION
Clinical Pathology
integration pharmacology
5%
VERTICAL
INTEGRATION
Research,
professionalism
Ethics
Digital library
5
BLOOM'S TAXONOMY : DOMAINS OF LEARNING
Horizontal integration
(With Anatomy)
peritoneum
Mesenteries
• Greater omentum
and transverse colon
reflected
Mesenteries
• Superficial view
of the
abdominal
organs
Regions of Small Intestine
Small intestine
Duodenum and Related Organs
Liver
Bile
Gall-
bladder
Stomach
Bile
Pancreas
Acid chyme
Intestinal enzymes
Pancreatic
Duodenum of juice
small intestine
CORE CONCEPT
Function of the digestive system
ingestion: taking food and liquid
into mouth
Secretion: total about 7 liter into
lumen
Mixing and propulsion: through GI
muscle and peristalsis and motility
Digestion: Breakdown of ingested
food (mechanical and chemical)
Absorption: Passage of nutrients into the
blood
Metabolism: Production of cellular
energy (ATP)
Defecation: waste substance leave the GI
tract through anus
Organs of the Digestive System
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus
Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy
Lips (labia) – protect
the anterior opening
Cheeks – form the
lateral walls
Hard palate – forms
the anterior roof
Soft palate – forms
the posterior roof
Uvula – fleshy
projection of the
soft palate
Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy
Vestibule – space
between lips
externally and teeth
and gums internally
Oral cavity – area
contained by the
teeth
Tongue – attached at
hyoid bone and
styloid processes of
the skull, and by the
lingual frenulum
Tongue
fungiform papillae
circumvallate papillae
Submucosa
Just beneath the mucosa
Soft connective tissue with blood vessels,
nerve endings, and lymphatics also contain
submucosal plexus
Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs
Mucosa
Innermost layer
Moist membrane
1. Surface epithelium : secretion and
absorbtion,renew every 5-7 days also
contain enteroendocrine cells
2. Small amount of connective tissue
(lamina propria): contain blood and
lymphatic vessele also contain MALT
3. Small smooth muscle layer
Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs
Muscularis externa – smooth muscle
1. Inner circular layer
2. Outer longitudinal layer Between
them is myenteric plexus
Serosa
Outermost layer – visceral peritoneum
Layer of serous fluid-producing cells
(mesothelium)
Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs
Digestive Anatomy: Histological
Pharynx Anatomy
Nasopharynx –
not part of the
digestive system
Oropharynx –
posterior to oral
cavity
Laryngopharynx –
below the oropharynx
and connected to
the esophagus
Pharynx Function
Serves as a passageway for air and
food
Food is propelled to the esophagus by
two muscle layers
Longitudinal inner layer
Circular outer layer
Food movement is by alternating
contractions of the muscle layers
(peristalsis)
Esophagus
Runs from pharynx to stomach through
the diaphragm( 25 cm)
Conducts food by peristalsis
(slow rhythmic squeezing): contraction of
circular layer above the food and
contraction of longitudinal below the
food
Passageway for food only (respiratory
system branches off after the pharynx)
Esophagus
-The esophagus is posterior to the larynx
and trachea in the neck region and upper
thorax. It travels on the right side of the
descending aorta, passes through the
diaphragm, and connects with the stomach.
Muscles
contract, Muscles relax
Bolus of constricting
food passageway
and
pushing
Muscles relax, bolus down
allowing Muscles contract
passageway
to open
Muscles
Stomach relax
Stomach Anatomy
Gastric pits
formed by
folded mucosa
Glands and
specialized
cells are in the
gastric gland
region
Structure of the Stomach Mucosa
Peritoneum
• Is the largest serous membrane of the body consist of
mesothelium
• Divide into
1. Parietal peritoneum: lines the wall of abdominopelvic
cavity internally
2. Visceral peritoneum: cover some oh the organs in the
cavity
3. The space between them contain fluid and called
peritoneal cavity this cavity may be accumulated by
several liters of fluid state called ascites
Membranes
Mesenteries - double sheets of peritoneum, surrounding
and suspending portions of the digestive
organs
Pe
1. ritattach the liver to anterior abdominal
falciform ligament:-
wall and diaphragm
on
2. Greater omentum - "fatty apron", hangs anteriorly from
ea encloses fat
stomach, double layer
3. Lesser omentum - lbetween stomach and liver
4.
fol
Mesentery proper - suspends and wraps the small
intestine ds
5. Mesocolon - suspends and wraps the colon, parts are
i. transverse mesocolon
• ii. sigmoid mesocolon
Ascending and descending ,pancreas, first 2 parts of the
duodenum and kidneys are Retroperitoneal structure
peritoneum
Mesenteries
• Greater omentum
and transverse colon
reflected
Mesenteries
• Superficial view
of the
abdominal
organs
Small Intestine
Duodenum(25cm)
Attached to the stomach
Curves around the head of the pancreas
Fixed retroperitoneal structure
Jejunum (2.5m)
Attaches anteriorly to the duodenum
Ileum (3.5m)
Extends from jejunum to large intestine
Regions of Small Intestine
Small intestine
Duodenum and Related Organs
Liver
Bile
Gall-
bladder
Stomach
Bile
Pancreas
Acid chyme
Intestinal enzymes
Pancreatic
Duodenum of juice
small intestine
Chemical Digestion in the Small
Intestine
Fingerlike
structures formed
by the mucosa
Give the small
intestine more
surface area
Figure 14.7a
Microvilli of the Small Intestine
Figure 14.7c
Structures Involved in Absorption of
Nutrients
Absorptive cells
Blood capillaries
Lacteals (specialized
lymphatic capillaries)
Figure 14.7b
Figure 14.8
Regions of Large Intestine
Cecum – pocket at proximal end with
Appendix
Colon
Ascending colon - on right, between
cecum and right colic flexure
Transverse colon - horizontal portion
Descending colon - left side, between
left colic flexure and
Sigmoid colon - S bend near terminal
end
Rectum – terminal end is anal canal - ending at the anus - which
has internal involuntary sphincter and external voluntary sphincter
Histology of Large Intestine
Absorption of water
Eliminates indigestible food from the
body as feces
Does not participate in digestion of
food
Goblet cells produce mucus to act as a
lubricant
Structures of the Large Intestine
Colon
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
S-shaped sigmoidal
Rectum
Anus – external body opening
Food Breakdown and Absorption in
the Large Intestine
No digestive enzymes are produced
Resident bacteria digest remaining
nutrients
Produce some vitamin K and B
Release gases
Water and vitamins K and B are
absorbed
Remaining materials are eliminated via
feces
Propulsion in the Large Intestine
Sluggish peristalsis
Mass movements
Slow, powerful movements
Occur three to four times per day
Presence of feces in the rectum causes a
defecation reflex
Internal anal sphincter is relaxed
Defecation occurs with relaxation of the
voluntary (external) anal sphincter
Saliva
• Retroperitoneal :compose
of head, body and tail
Gall bladder
Peristalsis – alternating
waves of contraction
Segmentation – moving
materials back and forth
to aid in mixing
Processes of the Digestive System
Mechanical digestion
Mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue
Churning of food in the stomach
Segmentation in the small intestine
Processes of the Digestive System
Chemical Digestion
Enzymes break down food molecules into
their building blocks
Each major food group uses different
enzymes
Carbohydrates are broken to simple
sugars
Proteins are broken to amino acids
Fats are broken to fatty acids and
Processes of the Digestive System
Absorption
End products of digestion are absorbed in the
blood or lymph
Food must enter mucosal cells and then
into blood or lymph capillaries
Defecation
Elimination of indigestible substances as
feces
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
Processes of the Digestive System
Control of Digestive Activity
Understanding
Biomedical Ethics
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd9110402
Promoting IT &
Research Culture
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1.Guyton AC, Hall JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 14th
ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2020.
2.Boron WF, Boulpaep EL. Medical Physiology: A Cellular
and Molecular Approach. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier;
2017.
3.Sherwood L. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems.
10th ed. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning; 2020.
4.Widmaier EP, Raff H, Strang KT. Vander's Human
Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function. 16th ed. New
York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education; 2021.
5.Costanzo LS. Physiology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders;
2021.
6. Google Images and Wikipedia Images for concepts.
Thank You