Heat & Mass Transfer

Theory & Application

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.

 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Course Outline

• Introduction
• Heat Conduction
• Fundamental of Convection
• Application : Heat
Exchangers
• Mass Diffusion
• Boiling and Condensation
Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.
 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.

 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.

 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.

 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.

 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Introduction
• Basics of Heat
Transfer
• Heat & other Forms of Energy
• Mechanism of Heat Transfer

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.

 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Book:
Heat Transfer: A Practical
Approach

By: Y A Cengel
RK
Rajput

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.

 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

What is difference b/w Thermodynamics

and Heat transfer?

 Thermodynamics :
Deals with the amount of heat transfer as a system undergoes from
one state to other equilibrium state.

 Heat Transfer :
1. In engineering we are normally interested in the rate of heat
transfer. How much heat is transfer per unit of time.
2. As well as the temperature distribution within the system at a
specified time.
Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.
 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Heat Transfer?
Pipe flow Current flow

Pressure Voltage
Difference Difference

 Heat Transfer :

1. Heat can transferred from one system to other due to the

temperature difference

2. It is science which predict the heat energy transfer between

material bodies as a result of temperature difference.

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.

 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Heat Transfer
 Human Comfort

A human body is
continuously rejecting
heat to surrounding.

Human comfort is directly related to rate of heat

rejection (Heat Transfer rate). We adjust this rate by our
clothing to the environmental condition.

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.

 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Heat Transfer
 Daily Life Examples

 Heating & Air-Conditioning System

 Refrigerator, Iron
 Computer
 Energy Efficient Home
 Car Radiators
 Solar Collectors

(Min. Heat loss in winter and

gain in summer)
Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.
 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Why we need a detailed study

of Heat Transfer ?

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.

 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Why we need a detailed study of
Heat Transfer ?

 Heat Transfer indicates how long process will take.

A designer of thermos
normally interested in
that how long coffee will
sustain its temperature

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.

 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Engineering Heat Transfer

Applications

Rating : Determination of HT for an

existing system at a specific
1. Heat Exchangers
temperature difference

2. Boilers

3. Condensers

4. Radiators Sizing : Determination of size of a

system in order to transfer heat as a
5. Heaters specified rate for a specific
temperature difference

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.

 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

UNITS

 Thermal Energy (Q) = 1 joule

 Heat Transfer rate (q-dot) = 1 joule/sec = 1 watt

 Heat Flux (q/A) = 1 watt/m2

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.

 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Heat & other

forms of Energy

Energy :

• Thermal
• Chemical, Nuclear
• K.E, P.E
• Mechanical
• Electrical

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.

 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Heat & other

forms of Energy

Internal Energy (U) :

Sum of all microscopic forms of energy of molecules.

U = K.E + P.E
Portion of K.E = Sensible Energy or Heat

Total K.E of molecules

Heat :

Temperature :
Average K.E of molecules

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.

 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Heat & other forms of Energy

Internal Energy

Associated Atomic bonds

in a molecule is called
Chemical energy
Associated with bond within the
Nucleus of the atom is called
Nuclear Energy

This energy is released during the chemical or Nuclear reaction

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.

 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Heat & other

forms of Energy

Calorie :
Calorie is a unit of Heat Energy. Like Joule

1 Cal = 4.1868 Joule

1 Cal = Amount of heat required

raise the temperature of one gram of
water at 14.5°C by 1°C

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.

 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Heat & other

forms of Energy

Specific Heat: Amount of heat required raise the temperature of a

unit mass of a substance by 1°C

At Constant Volume At Constant Pressure

(Cv) (Cp)

For incompressible substance it is constant

UNIT ? C = f ( P,T )

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.

 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Heat & other

forms of Energy

Specific Heat: For an ideal gas , specific heat normally depends

only on temperature.

At low
pressure real
gas also du = Cv(T) dT dh = Cp(T) dT
behave as
Ideal gas

UNIT ?

Enthalpy
Sum of internal energy and energy required to flow of fluid h =
u + Pv
 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Heat & other

forms of Energy

Latent Energy or Heat :

If energy (Heat) supplied to the system is greater than
Molecular force  phase change
Amount of heat require to change the phase is called Latent heat.

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.

 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Heat & other

forms of Energy
First law of Thermodynamics :

Ein  Eout  Esystem

In rate E in
 out 
dEsystem

 E dt
Steady State :

Esystem  0

Ein  Eout
Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.
 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Heat & other forms of Energy

In the absence of electric, magnetic, gravity effect, normally the change

in total energy of the system is the simply change in internal
energy of the system;

Ein  Eout  E system  U system

Ein  Eout  mC v T (fixed mass system)

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.

 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Heat & other forms of Energy

In Heat Transfer, Normally we are interested in the

Thermal energy which is transferred due to temperature difference.

And, All Nuclear, Chemical, etc energies consider in the form of

thermal energies as heat generation;

Energy Balance in Heat Transfer

Qin  Qout  E gen  Ethermalsystem

Heat Transfer
Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.
 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Heat Transfer
Example-1

V = π D3 / 6
SA = π D2

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.

 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Heat Transfer
Example-2

Assumption
• Heat loss is negligible
• Specific heats are constant

Ein  Eout  E system  U system

Ein  Eout  mC v T (fixed mass system)

Ein  mCv T water  mCv T

pot NUST.
Pakistan Navy Engineering College,
 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Modes of Heat Transfer

1. Conduction

2. Convection

3. Radiation

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.

 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Modes of Heat Transfer

 Conduction :
Transfer of heat through solids or stationary fluids

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.

 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Modes of Heat Transfer

 Convection :
In this mode heat is transfer due to the movement of
the fluids

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.

 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Modes of Heat Transfer

 Radiation :
It does not require any medium for heat transfer. In this
mode the electromagnetic radiation is emitted by an object for
heat transfer.

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.

 Introduction

Heat & Mass Transfer

Thank
You

Pakistan Navy Engineering College, NUST.