Unit II:- Alternator-

Synchronous generators.
Gom Dorji
Lecturer
Electrical Engineering Department
College of Science and Technology.

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 Unit Content

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 Unit Content

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 E.M.F equation of an Alternator

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 E.M.F equation of an Alternator

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 Line value of induced emf

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 T=54x8/3=144. Already given in T

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 Example 37.8

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 Parameters of armature winding

• Three important parameters of an

armature winding of an alternator.
1. Armature resistance Ra.
2. Armature leakage reactance XL
3. Reactance corresponding to armature
reaction.

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 Armature Resistance
• Armature resistance is measured by applying the
known d.c voltage and measuring current though it.
• Due to skin effect, the effective resistance under
a.c conditions is more than the d.c resistance.
• So we multiply 1.25 to 1.75 times the d.c
resistance.
• For star connected, Ra=RRY/2 Ω/ph (measured from
two phase terminals)
• For delta connected, it will be RRY=Ra‖ 2Ra Ω/ph
• Ra =3/2 RRY
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  Armature leakage reactance – when
current pass through armature, it produces
its own flux. Some part of this flux
completes its path through the air.
 This flux is called leakage flux. The
leakage flux produces leakage reactance.
 XL=2πfL Ω/ph
 XL>>Ra
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 Armature reaction (AR)

• The reaction between the flux produce by

armature current and the main flux (field
current) is called armature reaction.
• The AR depends on magnitude of current
ad the nature of power factor of the load
connected to the alternator.

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 Unity power factor load.
• Induce emf Eph and armature current Iaph are in phase.
• Induced emf Eph lags field flux Φf by 90o.
• Armature flux Φa is in phase with Iaph.

• Φa and Φf are 90o phase difference.

• The two waveform opposes each other. The average flux in the air gap remains constant
but its distribution gets distorted.
• Hence due to distortion of the flux, there is small drop in the terminal voltage of the
alternator.
• The distortion effect of armature reaction under unity p.f condition of load is called cross
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magnetizing effect of armature reaction.
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 Zero lagging power factor load

• For purely inductive load connected to alternator.

• Iaph lags Eph by 90o.
• Induced emf Eph lags field flux Φf by 90o.
• Eph lags field flux Φf by 90o.
• Φa and Φf are 180o phase difference.
• The armature flux tries to cancel the main flux.
• Such effect of armature reaction is called demagnetizing effect of armature reaction.
• The terminal voltage drop is more in this AR.
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 Zero leading power factor load

• For purely capacitive load connected to alternator.

• Iaph leads Eph by 90o.
• Induced emf Eph lags field flux Φf by 90o.
• Eph lags field flux Φf by 90o.
• Φa and Φf are in phase.
• The armature flux tries to help the main flux.
• Such effect of armature reaction is called magnetizing effect of armature reaction.
• The induced voltage at terminal is increased.
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