Unit II:- Alternator-

Synchronous generators.
Gom Dorji
Lecturer
Electrical Engineering Department
College of Science and Technology.

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 Unit Content

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 Unit Content

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 Excitation systems

• Synchronous machines whether alternator or

motor needs separately excited machines.
• Such machines always required d.c
excitation for their operation.
• The 125 V to 600 V d.c is provided by d.c
generator mounted on same shaft of that
alternator.
• This excitation is transferred to rotor winding
via slip rings, brushes and commutators.
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 Excitation systems

• With the increase in rating of an alternator, field

current should also increase (nearly 4000 A).
• D.c generator to supply 4 kA as field excitation
will also increase the size of the machine.
• The use of slip rings, brushes and commutators
also brings lots of maintenance.
• Thus brushless excitation system (BES) are
used in modern machines.

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 Excitation systems
Permanent magnet
stationary Magnetic Rotating
armature amplifier armature
alternator. A.C exciter

Main Diode
alternator rectifier
Feedback of
generator output
voltage for
control and
regulation

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 Excitation system
• BES consists of silicon diode rectifiers which are mounted on the same
shaft of alternator and will provide necessary excitation to the field.
• The power for the rectifier is provided by an a.c exciter which is having
stationary field but rotating armature.
• The magnetic amplifier regulates the output of an alternator since there is
feedback from output of an alternator is given to magnetic amplifier.
• The system can be made self contained if the excitation power for
magnetic amplifier is obtained from a small permanent magnet alternator
having stationary armature which is driven from the main shaft.

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 Mechanical and electrical
degree

• For two pole machine,

one mechanical
revolution
corresponds to one
electrical cycle of an
induced e.m.f
• From position 1-5 in
waveform.

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 Mechanical and electrical
degree
• For 4 pole machine, one
mechanical revolution
corresponds to two
electrical cycle of an
induced e.m.f

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 Frequency of induced e.m.f

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 Speed and frequency

• The is a relationship between speed (N) of

the rotor, frequency (f) of generated e.m.f
and number of poles.
• f=(PN)/120 Hz,
• N=synchronous speed (fixed or rated
speed)

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 Armature winding terminology

1. Conductor – Part of the wire which is

under the influence of magnetic field and
responsible for the induced e.m.f is called
active length of the conductor. The
conductor is placed in the armature slots.
2. Turn – A conductor in one slot when
connected to a conductor in another slot
forms a turn. Two conductors constitute a
turn.
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 3. Coil – Number of turns are grouped to form a coil.
4. Coil side – When coil consists of many turns, part
of the coil in each slot is called coil side of a coil.
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 5. Pole pitch – It is the distance between the two adjacent
poles.
For one rotation of conductors, two poles are responsible
for 360o electrical, for 4 poles are responsible for 720o
electrical e.m.f and so on.
So 180o electrical is called one pole pitch.
Consider 2 poles 18 slots armature of an alternator. Under
1 pole there are 18/2 =9 slots, which is 9slots =180o
electrical.
Pole pitch=180o electrical.=slots per pole (no.of slots/P)=n

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 Slot angle (β)

• The phase difference contributed by one slot in

degrees electrical is called slot angle (β).
• 1 slot angle (β) = 180o/n.
• For n=9 slots/pole, (β)=180o/9= 20o.
• If we consider an induced e.m.f in the conductor
which are placed in slots adjacent to each other,
there will be phase difference of (βo).
Emf e1 in conductor 1

βo. Emf e2 in conductor 2

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 Types of armature winding

1. Single layer and double layer winding

2. Full pitch and short pitch winding
3. Concentrated and distributed winding.

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 • If a slot consists of only one coil side,
winding is said to be single layer.
• While if there are two coil sides per slot,
one at bottom and one at the top, the
winding is called double layer.

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 coil-span or Coil pitch
• If the coil side in one slot is connected to a coil side in
another slot which is one pole pitch distance away from first
slot winding is called full pitch coil.
• For example in 2 pole, 12 slots alternator, the pole pitch is
12/2=6 slots/pole.
• If pitch in the figure is placed from 1-7, it is called full pitch,
180o electrical, but if placed in 1-6, it is fractional pitch
(6-1)/6=5/6.
• It falls short by 1/6 pole pitch or 180o /6= 30o.
• Generally fractional pitch is used due to;
1. Saves copper
2. Gives smooth wave-forms
3. Eliminate high frequency harmonics.
4. When harmonics are removed, eddy current and hysteresis
losses are also reduced.
5. Efficiency of the machine is improve due to reduce losses.
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 Pitch factor (kp )or coil-span factor
(kc )

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 1/3*180=60

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 Concentrated or distributed
winding

• Three phase alternator has three sets of windings.

• If m=slots per pole per phase, =n/number of phases.
• M=n/3 for three phase alternator.
• For example for 18 slots 2 pole alternator, we have,
n=18/2=9
• M=n/3=9/3=3 slots per pole per phase.
• This 3 windings if done in one slot only instead of 3
slots, then we call it concentrated winding.
• In concentrated winding all windings belonging to
one phase are placed in one slot under every pole.
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 • In practice, attempt is always made to use all ‘m’ slots
per pole per phase available for distribution winding.
• If ‘x’ conductors per phase are distributed among the
m slots per phase available under every pole, the
winding is called distributed winding.
• In distributed winding, all coils belonging to one phase
are well distributed over ‘m’ slots per phase under
every pole.
• Distributed winding gives more sinusoidal induced
e.m.f compared to concentrated winding.
• In concentrated winding heat dissipation is also poor.
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 Draw the developed diagram for full pitch
armature winding of a three phase 4 poles,
24 slots alternator. Assume single layer
winding and distributed type.

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 Distribution factor/breadth factor/winding
factor/spread factor

No issue with concentrated

windings

Resultant

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• In general, for ‘n’ slots per pole and ‘m’ slots per pole per phase,

For distributed winding

For concentrated winding

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 Effect of harmonics on Pitch
and distribution factors
Harmonics effect the emf generation via pitch factor,
distribution factor and frequency.
The factors given are for fundamental harmonics. For 3rd,
5th, 7th, and so on.. orders, pitch factor and distribution
factor formula will change as follows;

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