Unit II:- Alternator-

Synchronous generators.
Gom Dorji
Lecturer
Electrical Engineering Department
College of Science and Technology.

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 Unit Content

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 Unit Content

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 Basic principle

• Operate on same fundamental principles of

electromagnetic induction as d.c generators.
• They consist of an armature winding and
magnetic field.
• The important difference between the two is in
d.c generator, the armature rotates and field is
stationary.
• In alternator, armature winding mounting on the
stator is stationary and field winding wounded
on rotor core is rotating.
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 Working

• Stator housed armature winding in its slots.

• Rotor windings are done inside rotor slots.
• Excitation is given by direct current of 125 to 600 V through
two slip rings.
• Because of the low excitation voltage, rotor construction is
of light weight.
• Because of the rotor rotating, magnetic field cuts the stator
winding and induce e.m.f.
• The magnetic pole is alternating, induced e.m.f is also
alternating, whose frequency depends on N and S poles.
• Direction of current flow is given by Fleming’s right hand
rule.
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 Stationary armature advantages

1. Output current can be led directly from fixed

terminals on the stator to the load circuit without
having to pass it through brush-contacts.
2. Easy to insulate stationary winding for higher a.c
voltages.
3. Slip rings are transferred to low voltage, low
power d.c field circuit which can therefore, be
easily insulated.
4. Armature windings can easily braced to prevent
any deformation.
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 Construction details

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 Construction details

• 1. In case of d.c it helps to carry magnetic

flux, but in alternator, stator frame-made
up of cast steel is used to hold the
armature stamping and windings in
position.
• There is also ventilation for cooling
purposes.

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 Stator frame

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 Stator frame

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 Construction details

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 Stator core

Supported by
stator frame.
Made up of
laminations

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 Stator slots

Laminations have space for

air passage to bring cooling
effect.

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 Types of stator slots

Wide open- Easy installation of form-

wound coils and easy removable in case
of repairing.
But has disadvantage of distributing air
gap flux into bunches causing ripples in
produced e.m.f
Semi-closed- Overcomes air gap
flux distribution into bunches but
can permit to use form-wound coils.

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 Types of stator slots
Closed- do not disturbed air
gap flux but tends to
increase inductance of coil
(all flux confined within
stator).
-Armature coil has to be
threaded bringing more
labour and winding cost.

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 Form winding
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 Rotor

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 Salient pole rotor

• Used in low and medium speed alternator.

• Rotor poles are projected out, their cores
are bolted in heavy cast iron rotor.
• Pole and pole shoe covers 2/3 of pole
pitch.
• In large machine, field winding consists of
large rectangular copper strip wound on
edge.
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 Rotor

Keyway- to lock the

shaft and armature

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 Smooth cylindrical rotor

• Used steam turbine driven alternator

which runs at high speed.
• Rotor consist of smooth cylindrical having
2 or 4 poles.

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 Ventilation methods

1. Natural ventilation – A fan is attached to

either ends of the machine. The ventilating
medium is natural air. Natural air may bring
injury to rotor winding insulation due to
presence of dust, moisture, acidic fumes etc.
2. Closed circuit ventilating system- ventilating
medium used is hydrogen. Cooling is done
with the help of water. Applicable in large
machines.
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