N

O
Z
N
E
B
S
D R I
E

U I M
A

FL N N A
A
Fluids- is a
substance that can
flow

- It cannot withstand a
shearing stress that is why it
conforms to the boundaries
of any container in which we
put them
Density
Example 1
Pressure in a fluid
In the room described in Example 1, what is the total downward
force on the surface of the floor due to air pressure of 1.0 atm?
PRESSURE

F
P
A

SI Unit of Pressure: 1 N/m2 = 1Pa

Pascal
Atmospheric Pressure at Sea Level: 1.013x105 Pa = 1 atmosphere
Example 3 The Force on a Swimmer

Suppose the pressure acting on the back

of a swimmer’s hand is 1.2x105 Pa. The
surface area of the back of the hand is
8.4x10-3m2.

(a) Determine the magnitude of the force

that acts on it.
(b) Discuss the direction of the force.
 F
P
A
F  PA  1.2 105 N m 2 8.4 10 3 m 2 
 1.0 103 N

Since the water pushes perpendicularly

against the back of the hand, the force
is directed downward in the drawing.
FLUIDS AT REST
 Pressure in a fluid of uniform
density:

Gauge
Absolute pressure
pressure

Pressure due
to atmosphere
PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE

Example 4 A Car Lift

The input piston has a radius of 0.0120 m

and the output plunger has a radius of
0.150 m.

The combined weight of the car and the

plunger is 20500 N. Suppose that the input
piston has a negligible weight and the bottom
surfaces of the piston and plunger are at
the same level. What is the required input
force?
  A2 
F2  F1  
 A1 

 0.0120 m  2
F2  20500 N   131 N
 0.150 m 2
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

P2  P1   gh

FB  P2 A  P1 A  P2  P1 A

V  hA

FB   ghA

V g
FB  
mass of
displaced
fluid
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

Any fluid applies a buoyant force to an object that is partially

or completely immersed in it; the magnitude of the buoyant
force equals the weight of the fluid that the object displaces:

FB  Wfluid
 
Magnitude of Weight of
buoyant force displaced fluid
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

If the object is floating then the

magnitude of the buoyant force
is equal to the magnitude of its
weight.
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

Example 5 A Swimming Raft

The raft is made of solid square

pinewood. Determine whether
the raft floats in water and if
so, how much of the raft is beneath
the surface.
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

Vraft  4.0 m 4.0 m 0.30 m   4.8 m 3

FBmax   Vg   waterVwater g

  
 1000 kg m 3 4.8m 3 9.80 m s 2 
 47000 N
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

Wraft  mraft g   pineVraft g

  
 550 kg m 3 4.8m 3 9.80 m s 2 
 26000 N  47000 N

The raft floats!

Note: We consider ideal fluid only

Ideal fluid- is a fluid that is incompressible (density is constant) and has no internal
friction (called viscosity)
Laminar Flow

Turbulent Flow
(continuity equation, incompressible fluid)
 Volume flow rate

Mass flow rate

Av
When an incompressible fluid flows along a
flow tube with varying cross section, its
speed must change, and so an element of
fluid must have an acceleration

𝑑𝑊 =𝑑𝐸=𝑑𝐾 +𝑑𝑈

Bernoulli’s equation:
Example (speed of efflux)

The figure below shows a gasoline storage tank with cross-sectional area A 1,
filled to a depth h. The space above the gasoline contains air at pressure p 0, and
the gasoline flows out through a short pipe with area A 2. Derive expressions for
the flow speed in the pipe and the volume flow rate
Speed of efflux

When no pressure difference (Torricelli’s theorem):

APPLICATIONS OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

Tarpaulins and Bernoulli’s Equation

When the truck is stationary, the

tarpaulin lies flat, but it bulges outward
when the truck is speeding down
the highway.

Account for this behavior.

APPLICATIONS OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
APPLICATIONS OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
APPLICATIONS OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION