Physics 114A - Mechanics

Lecture 25 (Walker: Ch. 10.6)

Rotational Energy Conservation
February 23, 2012

John G. Cramer
Professor Emeritus, Department of Physics
B451 PAB
cramer@phys.washington.edu
 Announcements
 HW#7 is due at 11:59 PM on Thursday, February
23 (Tonight!).
 There seems to be a WebAssign ambiguity in the
3rd part of the homework #7 problem about the
normal force on a Ferris Wheel. The problem
seems to assume that the seat cannot pivot, and
so the only normal force available is straight up.
 My office hours are 12:30-1:20 PM on Tuesdays
and 2:30-3:20 PM on Thursdays, both in the “114”
area of the Physics Study Center on the
Mezzanine floor of PAB A (this building).
February 23, 2012 Physics 114A - Lecture 25 2/23
 Lecture Schedule (Part 3)
Physics 114A - Introduction to Mechanics - Winter-2012
Lecture: Professor John G. Cramer
Textbook: Physics, Vol. 1 (UW Edition), James S. Walker
Week Date L# Lecture Topic Pages Slides Reading HW Due Lab
13-Feb-12 20 Momentum & Impulse 8 23 9-1 to 9-3
14-Feb-12 21 Momentum Conservation 11 24 9-4 to 9-5
7 16-Feb-12 22 Collisions & CM 10 23 9-6 to 9-7 HW6
Mom. & Collisions

17-Feb-12 23 Rotational Kinematics 13 30 10-1 to 10-3

20-Feb-12 H3 President's Day Holiday
21-Feb-12 24 Rotational Inertia 5 24 10-4 to 10-5 Angular Kinematics
8 23-Feb-12 25 Energy Conservation II 5 25 10-6 HW7 Torque

24-Feb-12 26 Torque & Equilibrium 18 26 11-1 to 11-4

27-Feb-12 27 Angular Momentum 10 25 11-5 to 11-7 We are here.
28-Feb-12 28 Rotational Dynamics 3 26 11-8 to 11-9 Rotational Motion,
9 1-Mar-12 R3 Review & Extension - 49 - HW8 Mom. of Inertia

2-Mar-12 E3 EXAM 3 - Chapters 9-11

February 23, 2012 Physics 114A - Lecture 25 3/23

 Moments of Inertia
Moments of inertia of various regular objects
can be calculated:

February 23, 2012 Physics 114A - Lecture 25 4/23

 More Moments of Inertia

February 23, 2012 Physics 114A - Lecture 25 5/23

 Even More Moments of Inertia

February 23, 2012 Physics 114A - Lecture 25 6/23

 The Parallel-Axis Theorem

I  I cm  Md 2

In other words, if you know the moment of inerita Icm of an object about
its center of mass, you can calculate I about any other parallel axis by
adding Md2, where M is the object’s mass and d is the separation of the
axes.
February 23, 2012 Physics 114A - Lecture 25 7/23
 Rotation Plus Translation


vi  vcm  vi ,rel

vbottom  0 vaxel  vcm   R vtop  2vcm  2 R

February 23, 2012 Physics 114A - Lecture 25 8/23

 Rolling Objects

v  r
vcm  R
acm  R

s  R
K  12 mvcm
2
 12 I cm  2

February 23, 2012 Physics 114A - Lecture 25 9/23

 Kinetic Energy of Rolling
Emech  K cm  K rot  U g
 12 Mvcm 2  12 I  2  Mgycm
Trick: Instead of treating
the rotation and translation
separately, combine them by
considering that instantaneously
the system is rotating abut the
point of contact.
Emech  K rot,P  12 I P 2

I P  12 MR 2  MR 2  23 MR 2

K rot,P  12 ( 32 MR 2 ) 2  43 MR 2 2  34 Mv 2
February 23, 2012 Physics 114A - Lecture 25 10/23
 Conservation of Energy
The total kinetic energy of a rolling object is
the sum of its linear and rotational kinetic
energies:

The second equation makes it clear that the

kinetic energy of a rolling object is a multiple of
the kinetic energy of translation.
February 23, 2012 Physics 114A - Lecture 25 11/23
 Example: Like a Rolling Disk

A 1.20 kg disk with a radius 0f 10.0 cm rolls without slipping.

The linear speed of the disk is v = 1.41 m/s.
(a) Find the translational kinetic energy.
(b) Find the rotational kinetic energy.
(c) Find the total kinetic energy.
K t  12 mv 2  12 (1.20 kg)(1.41 m/s) 2  1.19 J
K r  12 I  2  12 ( 12 mr 2 )(v / r ) 2  14 (1.20 kg)(1.41 m/s) 2  0.595 J
K   K t  K r  (1.19 J)  (0.595 J)  1.79 J
February 23, 2012 Physics 114A - Lecture 25 12/23
 Clicker Question 1

A solid sphere and a hollow sphere of the

same mass and radius roll forward without
slipping at the same speed.
How do their kinetic energies compare?
(a) Ksolid  Khollow
(b) Ksolid  Khollow
(c) Ksolid Khollow
(d) Not enough information to tell
February 23, 2012 Physics 114A - Lecture 25 13/23
 Rolling Down an Incline
Ki  U i  K f  U f

K  12 mv 2 (1  I / mr 2 )

U  mgh

Hollow Cylinder : I  mr 2 ; v  gh
mgh  mv (1  I / mr )
1
2
2 2

Solid Cylinder: I  12 mr 2 ; v  4
3
gh

v  2 gh / (1  I / mr 2 ) Hollow Sphere: I  23 mr 2 ; v  6
5
gh

Solid Sphere: I  52 mr 2 ; v  10
7
gh
February 23, 2012 Physics 114A - Lecture 25 14/23
 Clicker Question 2

Which of these two objects, of the same mass and radius, if

released simultaneously, will reach the bottom first? Or is it a tie?

(a) Hoop; (b) Disk; (c) Tie; (d) Need to know mass and radius.

February 23, 2012 Physics 114A - Lecture 25 15/23

 Which Object Wins the Race?

If these two objects, of the same mass and radius, are released
simultaneously, the disk will reach the bottom first.
Reason: more of its gravitational potential energy becomes
translational kinetic energy, and less becomes rotational.

February 23, 2012 Physics 114A - Lecture 25 16/23

 The Great Downhill Race

A sphere, a cylinder,
and a hoop, all of mass M
and radius R, are released
from rest and roll down a
ramp of height h and slope
. They are joined by a
particle of mass M that
slides down the ramp
without friction.

Who wins the race?

Who is the big loser?

February 23, 2012 Physics 114A - Lecture 25 17/23

 The Winners
1
2
I cm 2  12 Mvcm 2  Mgh

  vcm / R I cm  cMR 2
(c is a constant that depends on the object.)

Mgh  12 (cMR 2 )(vcm / R ) 2  12 Mvcm 2

 12 M (1  c)vcm 2

2 gh
vcm 
1 c
Therefore, vparticle  vsphere  vcylinder  vhoop
and aparticle  asphere  acylinder  ahoop

February 23, 2012 Physics 114A - Lecture 25 18/23

 Compare Heights
A ball is released from rest on a
no-slip (high-friction) surface, as
shown. After reaching the lowest
point, it begins to rise again on a
frictionless surface.
When the ball reaches its
maximum height on the frictionless
surface, it is higher, lower, or the
same height as its release point?

The ball is not spinning when released, but will be spinning

when it reaches maximum height on the other side, so less of its
energy will be in the form of gravitational potential energy.
Therefore, it will reach a lower height.
February 23, 2012 Physics 114A - Lecture 25 19/23
 Example: Spinning Wheel
A block of mass m is attached to a
string that is wrapped around the
circumference of a wheel of radius R and
moment of inertia I, initially rotating with
angular velocity  that causes the block
to rise with speed v . The wheel rotates
freely about its axis and the string does
not slip.
To what height h does the block rise?
Ei  E f E f  mgh
Ei  12 mv 2  12 I  2  12 mv 2  12 I (v / R ) 2  12 mv 2 (1  I / mR 2 )
 v2   I 
h  1  2 
 2 g  mR 
February 23, 2012 Physics 114A - Lecture 25 20/23
 Example:
A Flywheel-Powered Car
You are driving an experimental hybrid vehicle that is designed for use in
stop-and-go traffic, in which the braking mechanism transforms the
translational kinetic energy into the rotational kinetic energy of a massive
flywheel. The 100 kg flywheel is a hollow cylinder with an inner radius R1 = 25.0
cm, an outer radius R2 = 40 cm, and a maximum angular speed of 30,000 rpm.
When driving at the minimum highway speed of 40 mi/h, air drag and rolling
friction dissipate energy at 10.0 kW. On a dark and dreary night, the car runs
out of gas 15 miles from home, with the flywheel spinning at maximum speed.
Is there enough energy in the flywheel for you and your nervous
grandmother to make it home?
  30, 000 rev/min  2 rad/rev  / (60 s/min)=3,142 rad/s

I  12 M  R12  R22   12 (100 kg) (0.25 m)2  (0.40 m)2   11.1 kg m2

K  12 I  2  12 (11.1 kg m 2 )(3,142 rad/s)2  54.9 MJ U  Pt  (10.0 kW)(1350 s)  13.5 MJ

t  x / v  (15 mi) / (40 mi/h)  0.375 h  1350 s U  K , so you make it home.

February 23, 2012 Physics 114A - Lecture 25 21/23
 Example: A Bowling Ball
A bowling ball that has an 11 cm radius
and a 7.2 kg mass is rolling without slipping
at 2.0 m/s on a horizontal ball return. It
continues to roll without slipping up a hill to
a height h before momentarily coming to
rest and then rolling back down the hill.
Model the bowling ball as a uniform
sphere and calculate h.
Wext  Emech  Etherm  0  Emech  0

U f  K f  U i  Ki  Mgh  0  0  12 Mvcm
2
i  1
I 
2 cm i
2

2
vcm
Mgh  Mv 1
2
2
cm i  1
2  2
5
MR 2
 i

R 2 10
7
Mv 2
cm i

2 2
7vcm 7(2.0 m/s)
h i
 2
 0.29 m
10 g 10(9.8 m/s )
February 23, 2012 Physics 114A - Lecture 25 22/23
 End of Lecture 25
 For Friday, read Walker, Chapter 11.1-4
 Homework Assignment 7 is due at 11:59
PM on Thursday, February 23 (Tonight).
 There are still a few people who have not
registered their clickers.

February 23, 2012 Physics 114A - Lecture 25 23/23