MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-I

(2+1)
CIVILE-302

12/14/2023 MOS-I By Dr Muhammad Habib 1

Getting started….
• Concepts and introduction to course

• Why we are in this class,,,,

• Why we are going to attend this course,,,,
• Why its important,,,,
• Only for GPA or for the requirement of Degree,,,,
• It is one of the most important course,,,,
• You will need the knowledge of mechanics of materials or solids in your
engineering career.

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Cases
• Case # 1 (same materials but different section)
100 N 100 N

100 N 100 N

• Q: Will the lower bar break at 100 N?

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Cases (Continued….)
• Case # 1
• Reason is section Geometry…
• So in reality, it is not the force that is significant, it is the stress.
• Because it is not the force under which the material fails but it is the stress which is
playing it role in the failure of the material.

• So, if the lower rod is 2 times bigger, it will need 200 N to break.
• For solids, we mostly use word stress instead of pressure with both having the
same units..

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Cases ( Continued… )
• Case # 2 (same size but different material)
100 N 100 N Concrete

100 N 100 N Steel

• Q: Will the lower bar break at 100 N?

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Cases (Continued….)
• Case # 2
• Reason is section Material…
• Material properties affect how the section will respond to the applied loads.
• Wooden material may split
• Alloys may elongate/bend
• Concrete may crack

• Material properties will accurately tell us about the failure behavior.

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Cases (Continued….)
• Case # 3 ( Loading )

• Will they behave in the same way.

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Cases (Continued….)
• Case # 3
• Reason is loading…
• Load orientation affects how material behave and responds.
• Axial stress
• Bending stress
• Shear stress
• Torsional stress

• These stresses are the main focus of this subject

• You will not analyze the beam in a structure and a shaft in a car the same way,
because the loadings are different.

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Cases (Continued….)
• Some other interesting points…
• Material behavior ( Elastic or plastic)
• Load orientation ( axial, bending, torsional etc)
• Member orientation ( Stiffness)
• Multiple stresses

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Mechanics of Solids
• Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals
with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to various types of
loading.
• Other names for this field of study are strength of materials and
mechanics of deformable bodies.
• The solid bodies considered in this course include bars with axial
loads, shafts in torsion, beams in bending, and columns in
compression.

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Introduction to stress
• (average Stress)

• The response of the body ( beam, column, gear, shaft , rod etc) or the
internal effects produced due to the externally applied loads.

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Introduction to stress
• Lets consider this structure

• We can find the internal forces by cutting sections and applying

equations of equilibrium.

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Introduction to stress
• Lets cut this beam at the given section and try to visualize the internal
forces inside the beam.
• Regardless of which side we see, from statics, we know that the
Internal forces must be the same:

• 3 equilibrium equations, 3 unknown forces. Internal reactions

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Introduction to stress
• In Two and Three Dimensional Problems

• P = axial force
• V = shear force
• M = bending moment
• T = torsional moment

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Introduction to stress
• Units: (Force/Length2 )
• PSI = pound per square inches
• KSI = Kips per square inches
• Pa = Pascals = Newton/meters2
• MPa = MegaPascals = N/mm2
• GPa = GigaPascals = KN/mm2

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Introduction to stress
• Normal stress develops when a force is applied perpendicular to the
cross-sectional area of the material. If the force is going to pull the
material, the stress is said to be tensile stress and compressive stress
develops when the material is being compressed by two opposing
forces.
• Shear stress is developed if the applied force is parallel to the
resisting area.
• Torsional stress
• Bending stress

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 Introduction to stress
• Normal stress
• Tensile (+ve) and compressive (-ve)

Prismatic bar in tension:

(a) free-body diagram of a segment of the bar,
(b) segment of the bar before loading
(c) segment of the bar after loading,
(d) normal stresses in the bar

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Introduction to stress
• Normal strain
• Change in length by the total length

• Ɛ = δ/L
• Unitless: ratio of two lengths but the original units of δ and L are
sometimes attached to the strain itself, and then the strain is
recorded in forms such as mm/m, µm/m, and in./in.
• (can be tensile or compressive strain)

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Normal Stress
• A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must
carry a tensile load of 400 kN. Determine the outside
diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MN/m2
(MPa).

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Problem-Solving Approach
• The study of mechanics divides naturally into two parts
• First, understanding the general concepts and principles
• Second, applying those concepts and principles to physical
situations.
• General concepts from discussions and derivations of books.
• Gain skills only by solving problems
• Two aspects closely related
• If you cannot apply them, u do not really understand the
concepts.

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Problem-Solving Approach
• Structured solution process known as problem-solving
approach (PSA)
• Four major steps
• Conceptualize [hypothesize, sketch]: List all relevant data and
draw a sketch showing all applied forces, support/boundary
conditions, and interactions between adjacent bodies.
Development and refinement of the free-body diagram is an
essential part of this step.

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Problem-Solving Approach

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Problem-Solving Approach
• Categorize [simplify, classify]: Identify the unknowns in the problem and
make any necessary assumptions to simplify the problem and streamline
the solution process..
• Analyze [evaluate; select relevant equations, carry out mathematical
solution]: Apply appropriate theories, set up the necessary equations for
the chosen mathematical model, and then solve for the unknowns.
• Finalize [conclude; examine answer—Does it make sense? Are units correct?
How does it compare to similar problem solutions?]: Study the answers,
compare them to those for similar problems you have solved in the past,
and test the robustness of the solution by varying key parameters to see
how the results change (perhaps even plot the main result as a function of
that parameter to investigate the sensitivity of the answer).
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Normal Stress
• P-105: A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either
end by a cable as shown in Fig. P-105. Calculate the smallest
area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in
bronze and 120 MPa in steel.
• Given Data:
• Weight of bar = 800 kg = 800 * 9.81 = 7848 N
• Maximum allowable stress for bronze = 90 MPa
• Maximum allowable stress for steel = 120 MPa
• Required: Smallest area of bronze and steel cables

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Normal Stress

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Normal Stress

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Normal Stress
• Problem106
The homogeneous bar shown in Fig. P-106 is supported by a
smooth pin at C and a cable that runs from A to B around the
smooth peg at D. Find the stress in the cable if its diameter is
0.6 inch and the bar weighs 6000 lb.
• Given Data:
• Diameter of cable = 0.6 inch
• Weight of bar = 6000 lb
• Required: Stress in the cable

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Normal Stress

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Normal Stress

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Normal Stress
• Problem 107
A rod is composed of an aluminum section rigidly attached
between steel and bronze sections, as shown in Fig. P-107.
Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. If P = 3000
lb and the cross sectional area of the rod is 0.5 in2, determine
the stress in each section.
• Given:
• Axial load P = 3000 lb
• Cross-sectional area of the rod = 0.5 in2
• Required: Stress in steel, aluminum, and bronze sections

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Normal Stress

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 4P
Normal Stress 4P P

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Normal Stress
• Problem 108
An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod and a
bronze rod as shown in Fig. P-108. Axial loads are applied at
the positions indicated. Find the maximum value of P that will
not exceed a stress in steel of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90
MPa, or in bronze of 100 MPa
• Given:
• Maximum allowable stress for steel = 140 MPa
• Maximum allowable stress for aluminum = 90 MPa
• Maximum allowable stress for bronze = 100 MPa
• Required: Maximum safe value of axial load P
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Normal Stress

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Shear Stress
• Stress, that acts tangential to the surface of
the material. OR
• The stress component that acts in the
plane of the sectioned area.
• If Supports are rigid, and F is large enough,
material of the bar will deform and fail
along the planes identified by AB and CD .
• Shear force V = F/2 must be applied at each
section to hold the segment in equilibrium.
• The average shear stress distributed over
each sectioned area tavg = V/A
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Shear Stress
• tavg is in the same direction as V ,
• The loading case discussed here is an example of simple or direct shear,
since the shear is caused by the direct action of the applied load F.

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Shear Stress Equilibrium
• Element subjected to shear stress tzy
• Force and moment equilibrium requires the shear stress acting on this face of
the element to be accompanied by shear stress acting on three other faces
• Considering force equilibrium in the y direction

• tyz = tyz
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 Shear Stress Equilibrium
• Moment about x axis can be written as

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 Shear Stress Equilibrium
• All four shear stresses must have equal magnitude and be directed either toward
or away from each other at opposite edges of the element , Fig. 1–20 b.
• Complementary property of shear
• Pure shear condition.

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 Shear Stress
• Problem 115
• What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter
hole in a plate that is 25 mm thick? The shear
strength is 350 MN/m2.
• The resisting area is the shaded area along the
perimeter and the shear force V is equal to the
punching force P.
• tavg = V/A

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 Shear Stress
• Problem 116
• A hole is to be punched out of a plate having a shearing strength of 40 ksi. The
compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi.
• Compute the maximum thickness of plate in which a hole 2.5 inches in diameter can be
punched.
• If the plate is 0.25 inch thick, determine the diameter of the smallest hole that can be
punched.
• Given:
• Shear strength of plate = 40 ksi
• Allowable compressive stress of punch = 50 ksi
• Required:
• Maximum thickness of plate to punch a 2.5 inches a diameter hole
• Diameter of smallest hole if the plate is 0.25 inch thick
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 Shear Stress
• Problem 116

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 Shear Stress
• Problem 116

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Shear Stress
• Problem 117
• Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in the clevis shown in Fig. 1-11b
if P = 400 kN. The shearing strength of the bolt is 300 MPa.

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