Cells

• Cell is the basic unit of life

• Unicellular organisms have one cell e.g bacteria or yeast (unicellular fungus)

• Multicellular organisms contain more than 1 cell e.g all animals and plants, few fungi
like mushroom

• Prokaryote-> no true nucleus/nuclear membrane

• Eukaryote-> have a true nucleus/nuclear membrane

• New cells are only produced by division of existing cells

Structure of a cell

A typical
1. Cell
eukaryotic cell 2. Cytoplasm 3. Nucleus
membrane
is made up of:
Cell Membrane
Structure:
• It is made up of lipids and proteins
• It is partially permeable
• Function:
• To separate the content of the cells from
outer environment
• To control what goes in and out of the
cell/ partially permeable
• Named substance (ions, water molecule,
glucose, amino acids)
• To help in diffusion, osmosis and active
transport
• It keeps the contents of cell inside/ keeps
cytoplasm intact ;
 Structure:

Cell wall of plants is made up of cellulose

It is strong and flexible

Function:

To maintain the shape of plant cell

Cell Wall To provide mechanical support to the plant

To provide protection

To prevent the plant cell from bursting when it is full of water/

maintain the Turgidity by withstanding the internal pressure of the cell

It is fully permeable
• Turgid Plant Cell/ Turgidity: When a plant cell is full of water

• Turgor Pressure: The pressure exerted by the vacuole on the cell wall of plant cell
when it is turgid.
 Composition:

A jelly like substance that is made up of about 70%

water

Cytoplasm Function:

It is a site where all cell organelles are present

It is a site where all metabolic reactions take place

 A vacuole contains a Cell sap is made up of
solution called cell carbohydrates, salts
sap and water

Vacuole/ In plant cell, there is 1

large central vacuole
In animal cell there
are numerous tiny

Vesicles
present vessicles present

In animals they are It helps make a plant

also responsible to cell Turgid as it
transport antibodies contains water
 It contains genetic information/
DNA

Nucleus Controls how cells

reproduce/divide

Controls various activities in a

cell e.g protein synthesis
 Only present in plant cells

Function:

Chloroplast Contains the green pigment called chlorophyll

It absorbs the sunlight and convert it into chemical

energy during photosynthesis

The structural element of chlorophyll is magnesium

ion
Mitochondria
• It is only found in eukaryotic cells e.g animal and
plant cells

• Structure:

• It contains 2 membrane

• The inner membrane is folded inwards to

increase the surface area which helps in faster
rate of aerobic respiration
• Function:

• It is a site for aerobic respiration

• Glucose react with oxygen to produce CO2, water and energy

• Cells that need more energy have more mitochondria e.g:

• Muscle cells, nerve cells.

• RBCs have less number of mitochondria as it flows in the blood

Ribosomes

• Even smaller than mitochondria

• They look like tiny dots attached to Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• Ribosomes can also be scattered freely in cytoplasm

• Found in all types of cells

• Function:

• It is a site for protein synthesis

• HOW?
• mRNA is very similar to DNA except that instead of T ,it has U

• AGCU

• C------G

• A------U

• mRNA acts as a template/draft for protein

• AUC GCA UUC

• a.a1+a.a2+a.a3

• Codon-> a collection of 3 bases in mRNA

• Against every codon 1 a.a is added in ribosomes

• (a) ciliated cells – movement of mucus in the trachea and bronchi

• (b) root hair cells – absorption

• (c) palisade mesophyll cells – photosynthesis

• (d) neurones – conduction of electrical impulses

• (e) red blood cells – transport of oxygen

• (f) sperm and egg cells (gametes) – reproduction

Levels of Organisation
• Tissue: a group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a shared
function. E.g epithelial tissue, epidermis

• Organ: a structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform

specific functions. e.g leaf, heart, brain

• Organ system: a group of organs with related functions, working together to perform
body functions. E.g circulatory system, nervous system .
H.W/ Assignment

• Q1. State the advantage of inner membrane of mitochondria being folded inwards.

Q2. State what will happen to a plant if it is present in magnesium deficient soil.

Q3. State the difference between chloroplast and chlorophyll.

Magnification

• Magnification = length of the Image

• ------------------------------------

• Actual Length of the object/organism

• Magnification = length of the Image

• ---------------------------

• Actual Length.

• Actual length= length of image/ magnification

• Length of image= magnification x actual length

• Q. Calculate the magnification , if the actual length of a spider was 8mm long and length of
drawing is 40mm.

• Magnification = length of the Image

• ---------------------------

• Actual Length.

• Magnification= 40/8

• = 5x
• Q. Calculate the actual size of a spider, given the size of image is 200mm and
magnification is 10x

• Actual length= length of image/ magnification

• 200/10 = 20mm
Conversion

• 1mm= 1000 um

• 1 um= 0.001 mm