Eddy Current Testing

USED FOR
• detection of cracks (discontinuities), -
surface and near surface defects
• measurement of metal thickness,
• Coating thickness measurements
• the measurement of electrical conductivity
and magnetic permeability for
– Material identification
– Heat damage detection
– Case depth determination
• Heat treatment monitoring . (Al alloys)
 inspection is based on
“ELECTROMAGNETISM”
EDDY CURRENTS ARE CREATED THROUGH
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION.
• a magnetic field develops in and around the
conductor when AC alternating current flows in
the conductor
• This magnetic field expands as the alternating
current rises to maximum and collapses as the
current is reduced to zero.
• If another electrical conductor is brought into
the close proximity to this changing magnetic
field, current will be induced in this second
conductor.
 advantages of eddy current inspection
• Sensitive to small cracks and other defects
• Detects surface and near surface defects
• Inspection gives immediate results
• Equipment is portable
• Method can be used for variaty of inspections
• (Thickness, heat treatment material idetification heat damage)
• Minimum part preparation is required
• Test probe does not need to contact the part
• Inspects complex shapes and sizes of
conductive materials
 the limitations of eddy current
inspection
• Only conductive materials can be
inspected
• Surface must be accessible to the probe
• Skill and training required is more
extensive than other techniques
• Surface finish and and roughness may
interfere
• Reference standards needed for setup
• Depth of penetration is limited
 Induction and Inductance
• Induction : current passing though a coil
creates a magnetic field.

• moving magnetic field would induce

current in an electrical conductor. This is
called electromagnetic inductance or
just inductance.. Induction unit :
Henries (H)
• ...................................................
 Inductance
When induction occurs in circuit and affects the
flow of electricity in it, it is called inductance
(L. Self-inductance,)
• In self-inductance, the magnetic field created by
AC current in the circuit itself induces a voltage
in the same circuit.
• When one circuit induces current flow in a
second nearby circuit, it is mutual-inductance.
• In NDT testing, inductance is used to generate
eddy currents in the test piece.
• AC current in a coil creates a magnetic field in
and around the coil.
 Faraday's Law (in conductor)
induced voltage is proportional to the rate of
change of flux lines cutting the conductor.

VL = the induced volts

dø/dt = the rate of change of magnetic flux in
webers/second
 Faraday's Law (In Coil)

VL = induced volts
N = number of turns
dø/dt = rate of change of magnetic flux in
webers/second
• when the frequency of the flux is increased
or the number of turns in the coil is
increased, the induced voltage will also
increase.
“In a circuit, it is much easier to measure current than it
is to measure magnetic flux,

VL = volts
di/dt = the rate of change of current in amperes per
second
“L = inductance in Henries
One Henry is the amount of inductance that is required
to generate one volt of induced voltage when the
current is changing at the rate of one ampere per
second.
 Lenz's Law
• Flowing current and induced
current have opposite magnetic
fields
(e.i. induced current in a conductor
will oppose the change in current
that is causing the flux to change.)
 Inductive Reactance

• It can be seen that the magnetic field from one loop of the
wire will cut across the other loops in the coil and this will
induce current flow (shown in green) in the circuit.
 Mutual Inductance
(The Basis for Eddy Current Inspection)
magnetic flux in a circuit is due to the current
in circuit-1 & circuit-2
 How is mutual induction used in eddy
current inspection?

Coil Circuit 1

Test Metal Circuit 2

In EC inspection, EC are generated in the test material due

to mutual induction. Probe is a coil of wire through which AC
is passed. probe is connected to an instrument, which forms
circuit 1 above. The second circuit is a conductive material.
induced Eddy
currents flow in a
circular path.
Eddy Current Testing
• AC current in coil, generated magnetic field in coil.
When the probe is near conductive material, changing
magnetic field generates current flow in the material.
The induced current flows in closed loops in planes
perpendicular to the magnetic flux
• The eddy currents produce their own magnetic fields
• that interact with the
primary magnetic field of the coil.
• By measuring changes in the
resistance and inductive reactance
of the coil, information can be
gathered about the test material.
 Penetration & Current Density
• Eddy currents are
closed loops of induced
current circulating in
planes perpendicular to
the magnetic flux.
• Eddy currents
concentrate near the
surface adjacent to an
excitation coil
• Eddy current density
decreases exponentially
with depth. This
phenomenon is known
as the skin effect.
 Penetration depths depends
on
• the frequency of the excitation current
• electrical conductivity
• magnetic permeability of the
specimen.
• The depth decreases with increasing
frequency, conductivity and magnetic
permeability.
• sensitivity of EC inspection depends on the eddy
current density at the defect location, so chose
frequency to fit the depth of defect location.
• to measure electrical conductivity, the frequency is set
so that it produces 3 standard depths of penetration
The depth at which eddy current density has
decreased to 1/e, or 37% of the surface
density, is called the standard depth of
penetration (d).
Although eddy currents penetrate deeper
than one standard depth of penetration, they
decrease rapidly with depth
. At two standard depths of penetration (2d),
eddy current density has decreased to 1/e
squared or 13.5% of the surface density.
At three depths (3d), the eddy current
density is down to only 5% of the surface
 Eddy Current Instruments
• EC testing instrument consists of AC
source, a coil of wire, and a voltmeter to
measure the voltage change across the
coil.
• An ammeter could also be used to
measure the current change in the circuit
 Probes
• four categories: absolute,
differential, reflection & hybrid.
 Conductivity Measurements
for the Verification of Heat Treatment
In heat treatable aluminum alloys,
conductivity measurements verify that
parts have received the proper heat
treatment. High purity aluminum is soft
and ductile, and gains strength and
hardness with the addition of alloying
elements