CHIVAS GOCELA DULGUIME, R.C.

,MSCJ
TERMS TO PONDER:
1. Drug
2. Drug Interaction
3. Drug Abuse
4. Drug Addiction
5. Drug Dependence
6. Pusher
7. Drug syndicate
8. Manufacture
9. Cultivate
10. Self – Medication syndrome
11. Toxicology
TYPES OF DRUGS:
1. Prohibited Drugs

2. Prescriptive Drugs

3. Over the counter drugs

TOXICOLOGY: Dangerous effects of
drugs:
1. Overdose – too much of a drug is taken

2. Allergy - some drugs cause the release of histamine

3. Idiosyncrasy – individual reaction to a drug for an

unexplained reasons. (maniacal behavior)

4. Poisonous Property – being protoplasmatic poisons

5. Side effects – some drugs are not receptors for one organ
but receptors of other organs as well.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF DRUGS:
How Drug Works?
-Drugs act within a cell rather than on a surface of the
cell or extra – cellular fluids of the body.
The amount of drug in a dose can be describe as:
1. Minimal dose
2. Maximal dose
3. Toxic dose
4. Abusive dose
5. Lethal dose
How Drugs are administered?
1. Oral

2. Injection

3. Inhalation

4. Topical

5. Iontophoresis
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:
Holy Bible (the Book of Judges of the O.T.) – Samson
was put to sleep by Delilah by means of a drug – laced
wine.
Romans – used narcotics in the practice of oracles and
black magic during the ancient time.
Marijuana – worlds oldest cultivated plants started by
the Incas of Peru.
Incas of Peru and Mexico – use coca leaves during
religious ceremonies
Assyrians – considered Marijuana as “sacred tree”.
Opium Poppy – goes back about 7000 B.C.
cultivated and prepared by the Sumerians.
Hippocrates (5000 B.C.) – prescribed the juice of
the white poppy plant to cure many illnesses.
19th Century – widespread of opium in China
- Opium trade between China and Portuguese but
took over by the British and established the
Opuim Trade Monopoly through the British
Indies Company.
- Opium War (1840)
Morphine – discovered by Freiderich W. Seturner
- to cure opium addicts, named before Morpheus
“God of Dream
Heroin – to cure opium and morphine addicts, named
after the word “hero” due to its impressive power.
- discovered by Alder Wright and known as
“miracle drug”.
Codeine – to cure opium, morphine and heroin
addicts.
THE GLOBAL DRUG SCENE:
Drug Trafficking – known as illegal drug trade.
- It is a global market activity consisting of production, distribution,
packaging and sale of illegal psychoactive substance. It includes
smuggling across boarders, and distribution within the demand
country.
Mule – Is a lower echelon criminals recruited by a smuggling
organization to cross a boarder carrying drugs.

Two primary means of distribution:

1. Hierarchy – using own men
2. Hub - and – spoke layout – using gangs and localized criminal
organization.
Drug Syndicate:
- a group of organized and professional criminal with a formal hierarchy
of organization set in illicit drug trade.
- Also known as “drug cartel”.
- Colombian Medellin Cartel (1980) by Pablo Escobar Gaviria, Jose
Gonzalo and Ochoa Brothers
- Cali Cartel (1970) by Gilberto Rogriguez Orejuela, Miguel
Rodriguez Orejuela, Jose Santacruz Londono and Helmer Pacho
Herrera.
* controlled 80% of cocaine exports from Colombia to
United States.
- Norte del Valle Cartel (North Valley Cartel) 1990, by Diego Leon
Montoya Sanchez
- Triad (Chinese known Mafia), Cosa Nostra (United States),
Octopus Napolitan Camura (Europe), Yakuza (Japan), Sicilian
Mafia (Italy).
WORLD WIDE OUTLOOK:
FIRST IMPORTANT DRUG TRAFFIC ROUTE:

Middle East – discovery, plantation, cultivation harvest.

Turkey – preparation for distribution.

Europe – manufacture, synthesis and refinement

United States – marketing and distribution.

 SECOND MAJOR TRAFFIC ROUTE:
1. Golden Triangle – Laos, Thailand and Myanmar
- Produced 60% of opium in the world and 90% of
opium in Eastern Asia.
- Source of Southeast Asian heroin

2. Golden Crescent – Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, India

- Major supplier of opium poppy, MJ and heroin
products in the Western Asia.
THE DANGEROUS DRUGS:
- Refer to the broad categories or classes of controlled
substances, according to pharmacological
classifications, effects and as to their criteria.

RA 9165 – dangerous drugs include those listed in the

schedules annexed to the 1961 Single Convention on
Narcotic Drugs as amended by the 1972 Protocol, and
the schedules annexed to the 1971 Convention on
Psychotropic Substances.
General Drug Classification:
A. According to Effects:
1. Depressants
2. Stimulants
3. Hallucinogens
B. According to Medical Pharmacology
1. Depressants
2. Narcotics
3. Tranquilizers
4. Stimulants
5. Hallucinogens
6. Solvents/Inhalants
C. According to Legal Categories (In accordance with RA 6425)
1. Prohibited Drugs
2. Regulated Drugs
3. Volatile substances (PD 1619)
UNODC Annual Report 2010: Transnational
Organized Crime

UNODC – United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime

- is spearheading regional and transnational

initiatives that strengthen the rule of law, stability
and development.
UNODC Concerned Areas:

1. Organized crime and trafficking

2. Corruption

3. Criminal justice reform

4. Health and livelihoods

5. Terrorism prevention
UNODC regional programmes (2009):

1. The East Asia and the Pacific regional programme :

- reinforces the rule of law by focusing on trafficking,

governance and criminal justice;

- it supports health and development through initiatives

addressing drug demand reduction, HIV/AIDS among
injecting drug users, prisoners and other vulnerable
groups, and sustainable livelihoods.
2. The East Africa regional programme :

- is based on three pillars:

- countering organized crime, trafficking and terrorism;

- fighting corruption and promoting justice and integrity;

- and improving health and human development.

3. The Central America and the Caribbean
programme:

- strengthens regional capacity to fight drugs, crime and

terrorism and all their attendant problems, such as

trafficking and gang violence.
4. The South Eastern Europe regional programme :

- focuses on three interlinked areas:

- serious crime and trafficking;

- integrity and criminal justice systems;

- and drug prevention and treatment, including HIV

prevention, treatment and care among drug users.

UNODC on HUMAN TRAFFICKING: GLOBAL REPORT
1. 79% is sexual exploitation-the most common purpose,
18% forced labour. Others are underreported because
they are largely invisible such as; organ removal, child
exploitation for begging

2. 80-84% of the victims are women

3. Most trade in humans occurs at the national or

regional level. Though interregional is common

4. Africa – most number of human trade

Blue Heart Campaign (2009):

- UNODC launched in order to encourage involvement

and inspire action to stop human trafficking.
- “Blue heart” represents those who are trafficked
while reminding us the cool heartedness of those buy
and sell humans.
- The world’s first national blue heart campaign was
held in Mexico.
UNODC on Drug Trafficking:

- Most illicit drugs are sourced in conflict-ridden

regions in Asia and Latin America, where they

undermine development, damage the environment
and also fund and thus perpetuate insurgency and, in
some places, terrorism.
West Africa:
- is a recent case in point, this region has become a key
transit hub for cocaine smuggled from Latin America
to serve a booming market in Europe.

- It is also a paradise for organized crime, offering ideal

conditions for trafficking contraband: a strategic
location, porous borders, weak governance,
widespread poverty and extensive corruption.
Afghanistan:

- is the wellspring of the global opium trade, accounting

for 93 per cent of all opium poppy cultivation.
- About 80 per cent of the drugs derived from Afghan
opium poppies are smuggled out by transnational
organized criminal groups through:

- the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan;

- the rest flow through Central Asia.

Central Asian Regional Information and
Coordination Centre (CARICC ):

Was launched by UNODC in the year 2009 in order to

promote cooperation among law enforcement agencies in
the region and enhance counter-narcotic activities.
Headquartered in Almaty, Kazakhstan
serves as Central Asia’s main centre for intelligence
exchange and analysis, and coordination of joint
operations.
Members States include Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan Uzbekistan. Afghanistan’s involvement,
initially with observer status, is under consideration.
Triangular Initiative among Afghanistan, the
Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan:

- developed by the UNODC to improve regional

cooperation in addressing:
- drug threat

- to foster intelligence sharing

- and carry out joint counter-narcotics operations.

CARICC and Triangular Initiative - are part of the
UNODC-coordinated “Rainbow Strategy” to counter
the threat posed by opiates originating in
Afghanistan.

Rainbow Strategy - This strategy engages both

Afghanistan and neighbouring countries in targeting
internationally agreed priority areas, including border
management, precursor chemicals, financial flows and
drug abuse prevention and treatment.
The CHINESE Opium Epidemic:
- Considered as the largest substance abuse problem
the world has ever faced.
- And said to be the root of today’s international drug
control system.
1909 – first international drug conference in Shanghai
creating the International Opium Commission.
International Opium Commission - gave rise to the
first international legal instrument dealing with
psychoactive substances – “The Hague Opium
Convention of 1912.”
Geneva 1920 – League of Nations is established and
became the custodian of Opium convention.

1961 - Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs was

adopted
- it is the unification and simplification of the legal
agreements define under “The Hague Opium
Convention of 1912.

2008 – Is the milestone of International Drug Control

The Single Convention of 1961
define the
The 1971 Convention on international
Psychotropic Substances drug control
The 1988 Convention against system to this
Illicit Traffic in Narcotic day.
Drugs and Psychotropic
Substances
UNODC Year 2009:
2009 - marks the 100 years since the first International
Drug Conference in the year 1909.

- UNODC launched an international drug treatment

and care initiative in partnership with the World
Health Organization (WHO)

- This is a landmark in the development of a

comprehensive, integrated health-based approach to
drug policy.
The UNODC-WHO Joint Programme on
drug dependence treatment and care:
- Aims to provide humane and accessible care to
greater numbers of people with drug dependence and
drug-related diseases (particularly HIV/AIDS) in low-
and middle-income countries, resulting in their
rehabilitation and reintegration into society.

Treatnet - is a joint programme of UNODC and WHO.

- This is the international network of drug
dependence treatment and rehabilitation resource
centres that UNODC inaugurated in 2008 and
implemented in 2009.
Trend in Drug Treatment:

1. Africa and Oceania – cannabis is the main drug

(Africa – 63%, Australia and New Zealand – 47%)

2. Asia and Europe – opiates is the primary drug

3. North and South America – cocaine dependent

4. Indication of the amphetamine type stimulants

dependents is worsening – (Asia – 18%, North
America 18%, Oceania 20%).
Current Nature and Extent of Drugs in the
Philippines:
2008 National Household Survey:
1. the most vulnerable age groups were those belonging
to:
a. 20 – 29 years old
b. 10-19 years old
c. 30 – 39 years old
2. More single males continued their drug taking
behaviour.
3. In terms of age group and educational qualification,
current drug users were concentrated on age brackets 10-
19 and 20-29. This could be taken to mean that these age
groups (elementary, high school and college students)
were the most vulnerable to drug abuse.
4. In terms of classification of current drug-user
respondents;
a. a large percentage was unemployed
b. employee in the private sector
c. out-of-school youth
d. students
5. As to type of drugs:
a. methamphetamine hydrochloride (shabu)
b. cannabis (marijuana)
c. contact cement
6. With regards to age group by drug type, shabu and
marijuana were abused by those in the age brackets of
10-19; 20-29, 30-49 and 50-59, while contact cement
by those in the 10-19, 20-29 and 30-39 age groups.
7. In terms of frequency of drug usage, a large
percentage of current drug-user respondents abused
shabu , marijuana and contact cement on a weekly
basis.
8. The common route of administration or uses of drugs
as claimed by current users were:
a. shabu by sniffing/inhalation
b. marijuana, through smoking/inhalation
c. contact cement by sniffing.
9. The sources of drugs they abused mentioned by
current user-respondents were:
a. pushers
b. classmate/friends who is a pusher
c. from the drugs I am pushing
d. hardware (0.03%).
10. Reasons for first use of drugs given were;
a. curiosity
b. peer pressure
c. personal problems (family and marital).
11. Reasons for continued use;
a. peer influence
b. family personal and work-related problems
c. and family, personal and work-related
problems aggravated by peer influence.
12. Based on the results of the survey it was estimated
that there could be 1,715, 854* current drug users or
2.5% of the 2008 projected *Filipino population
aged 10-64 years old.
Drug Trafficking in the Philippines:
Drug Mule/Courier :
- are individuals who transport dangerous drugs in exchange for a huge
amount of money, depending on the amount of drugs to be delivered and
the route/distance to be travelled.
- 710 Filipinos drug courier abroad were arrested and still increasing.
- More female Filipino drug couriers (about 63%) are being exploited by
drug trafficking syndicates.
Methods of Concealment of Arrested Couriers
Abroad:
1. Hidden in luggage/suitcases (38%)
2. Ingestion/Swallowing (29%)
3. Placed in shoes (7%)
4. Placed in bottom part of luggage (5%)
5. Placed inside handbag (4%)
6. Others (17%): Undergoing minor operation, placing in
shoeboxes/books/bottles/parcels, etc.
Drug Seized from Arrested Couriers in the
Philippines:

1. Shabu (81%)

2. Cocaine (18%)

3. Heroin (1%)
Factors contributing to the drug courier problem:
1. Filipinos are usually enticed by the offer because of
the syndicates’ promise of love/marriage, as have
been recorded in several arrests involving Filipina
drug couriers.
2. Others are lured by the opportunity to travel and the
promise of a comfortable life
3. while others want a high-paying job and easy money.
The drug courier problem can also be attributed to the
following factors:
1. The prevalence of poverty
2. Poor educational background
3. Easy money
4. Unemployment
5. The idea of travelling
Modus Operandi:
 Couriers are usually recruited by casual acquaintances connected to
drug syndicates like the African Drug Syndicate (ADS), offering
plane tickets, hotel accommodation and huge amounts of money.
 members of syndicates befriend/marry potential recruit then later
turn him/her into a courier or cohort.
 unwitting victims were duped by acquaintances into carrying
packages in exchange for money, not knowing that drugs were placed
inside.
 Couriers may also be recruited through the internet and social
networking sites like Facebook, MySpace, Tagged, etc.
 Syndicates also engage in travel & tours businesses/agencies to
arrange airline and hotel bookings of the couriers and use fraudulent
documents/fake credit cards.
African Drug Syndicate (ADS):
- is believed to be behind the alarming increase of Filipino drug
couriers arrested abroad.
- They deliver drugs to their connections in different points around the
world by employing drug couriers to prevent the risk of getting caught
themselves. They also use Filipinos as cohorts to recruit fellow OFWs.
- The ADS is an international syndicate involved in drug trafficking and
cyber crimes.
- They use stolen and/or falsified documents to go about with their
transaction (i.e. purchase of plane tickets, hotel bookings) and usually
communicate with their cohorts thru phone or the internet. Members
are proficient in English and well-versed, very persistent and are
generally friendly which makes them recruit potential victims easily.
The Task Force Drug Couriers (TFDC):
- was created on February 08, 2010 by virtue of
Administrative Order No. 279.
- It is an inter-agency team tasked in the deterrence,
prevention and protection of Filipinos from being
victimized as drug couriers by international drug
trafficking syndicates.
TFDC 3-year Action Plan:
1. Prevention

2. Law Enforcement

3. Prosecution

4. Coordination.
Strategies to address the Drug Problem:

The government’s anti-drug strategies involve five

pillars of action patterned after the ASEAN and
China Cooperative Operations in Response to
Dangerous Drugs (ACCORD).
FIVE PILLARS OF ACTION:

1. Drug Supply Reduction

- Taking away the drugs from the public, for the

purpose of abuse, through market denial operations

and prevention of diversion from the licit to the illicit
markets.
- Actions such as law enforcement, regulatory

compliance, and judicial and legislative

measures are designed to stop the production,
processing, trafficking, financing, and retailing of
dangerous drugs, precursors and other essential
chemicals.
2. Drug Demand Reduction
- The aim is to take away the people away from abusing
dangerous drugs and controlled substances and reduce
his or her desire to abuse drugs.
- This is being done through:
 formulation of policies in accordance with the new dangerous
drugs law;
 development and implementation of preventive education

programs for different target groups;

 adoption and utilization of effective treatment and

rehabilitation programs;
 and the continuous conduct of research on vital aspects of the

drug abuse problem.

3. Alternative Development
- The aim is to reduce the production of marijuana and

eventually eliminate its cultivation through

sustainable rural development and alternative
livelihood programs. Example: Sericulture or Silk
Production
4. Civic Awareness and Response
- The concept is to promote public awareness on
the evils of dangerous drugs, and to elicit social
response by advocating the non-use of dangerous
drugs through community outreach, observance of
special events, and production, publication and
distribution of campaign materials.
5. Regional and International Cooperation

- The intent is to forge and foster cooperation with

regional & international agencies and counterparts
from the ASEAN member countries, USA, Japan,
Canada, Australia, European Union, Sri Lanka, Israel,
and Taiwan among others.
 The five pillars of action project a holistic and
balanced strategy which covers:
1. strengthening the rule of law
2. enhancing control measures
3. establishing proactive advocacy
4. consensus-building of solutions to the drug menace
5. establishing sustainable alternative development
6. and ensuring adequate exchange of drug data.
UNODC on Worldwide Corruption:

FACTS:
Estimate cost of corruption is about 5% of the global
gross domestic product
Corruption accounts for 10% of doing business
globally and as much as 25% of the cost of
procurement contracts globally.
Some countries lost 25% of their internal revenue due
to corruption
The United Nations Convention against Corruption

- is the first legally binding global anti-corruption

instrument.

- met in Doha in November 2009 to take stock of

global progress in implementation and consider ways
to step up international efforts to prevent and fight
corruption.
UNODC on Money Laundering:
Money Laundering – is a method used by corrupt
public officials, traffickers and other criminals in
order to sanitize their money. Thus, it enables them
to disguise the illegal origins of their wealth, throw off
suspicions of law enforcement and erase any
incriminating traces of illegal activity.

- Terrorist networks use similar methods to

move money around to finance terrorist actions.