INTELLECTUAL

REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED

SOCIETY
Reporters:
Orig, Manuelito
Sumaoy, Nemimar
Tumilap, Reymar
• The Intellectual revolution pertains to the period
of paradigm shifts or changes in the scientific
beliefs that have been widely embraced and
accepted by the people (Hintay, 2018).
 THE THREE REVOLUTIONS THAT
DEFINED THE SOCIETY
1. Ideas of known intellectuals
2. Information Revolution
3. Cradles of Early Science
IDEAS OF KNOWN INTELLECTUALS
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
• In the 6th century, Ptolemy introduced the geocentric model where it showed that the
Earth is the centre of the universe which was thought to be true by most of the people at
that time.
NICHOLAS COPERNICUS (1473-1543)
- Copernicus is an Astronomer who contradicts the
geocentric model and proposed the Heliocentric Theory
where planets revolve around the sun.
The change from the belief of geocentric to heliocentric happened through the
contributions of other important persons such as:
• Brahe’s observation of the star Cassiopeia
• Kepler stated that the planets move in elliptical orbits and the sun at the centre.
• Galileo Galilei developed telescope and observed Venus
• Isaac Newton’s law of gravitation
The Copernican revolution influences conceptual changes in cosmology, religion,
physics, and philosophy.
 DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
UNITED KINGDOM
• CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882)
• Formulated his book “On the Origin of Species” in 1859 that presented evidence on how species evolved over
time and “The Descent of Man (1871)” that introduced the idea of all organic life under the realm of
revolutionary thinking.
• Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection where organisms change overtime as a result of
changes in heritable physical or behavioural traits. The changes that allow an organism to better adapt to its
environment can help it survive and have more offspring.
There are 2 main points in his theory :
• All life on Earth is connected and related to each other
• This diversity of life came about because of the modifications in populations that were driven by natural
selection
Natural Selection - survival of the fittest
 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)
• Freud founded psychoanalysis. He described that the brain can
be segmented into compartments. He developed an
observational method to study human's inner life mainly
focuses on human sexuality and evil nature of man.

The Freudian revolution greatly affected or gave rise to the Literature, Visual Arts and
Music.
 INFORMATION REVOLUTION
• The Information Revolution started from the Sumerian pictographs, which
is the earliest writing system. Then comes the invention of Gutenberg’s
printing press 1455. There emerged the use of typewriter and telegraph.
Today, technologies are used widely which became easier with the help of
internet to communicate and disseminate and store information.
 THE FOUR CRADLES OF EARLY
SCIENCE
MESOAMERICAN
Mesoamerican Civilizations
• Mayan
• Inca
• Aztec
Contributions of the Mesoamericans
• The Aztecs had established a great military force.
• The chinampa of the Aztecs used small rectangular area of fertile land to grow crops on the
shallow lake beds.
 Contributions of the Mesoamericans
• The use of rubber is documented in the Maya ball game called tlatchtli.
• They used cocoa beans as a currency.
• The Maya developed an accurate calendar, also known as the Mayan
Calendar.
• The Quipos are used by the Incan for book-keeping.
• The Mita system was invented by the Inca. It is a labor service that takes
for in road and bridge construction, in cultivation of corn and textile
production
 MIDDLE EAST
Contributions in the Middle East:
• The Arab applied the romans principles and improve the watermill known as noria.
• The middle East is known for their machine designed for the improvement of irrigation,
industrial work and for war. The windmill and watermill are used for crushing
sugarcanes, grinding grain, and pumping water.
• The book of Badic al-Zaman ibn al-Razaz al-Jazari described candle and water clocks,
water vessels, fountains, automata, and water raising devices.
• The book written by Taqi al-Din ibn Maruf al-Rashid al-Dimashqi explained steam
power and a blueprint of a six-piston pump.
 ASIA
Major contributions in Asia
• Traditional Chinese medicine acupuncture and herbal medicine were
practiced
• Four great inventions in china: Compass, gunpowder, papermaking,
printing
• Other: alchemy, which is a Taoist chemistry
 AFRICAN
Contributions from Africa:
• Africa is known for the production of Kola nuts and coffee in Ethiopia (Kola nuts are
mostly found in West Africa and is the basis of cola drink).
• Coffee was developed as a consumable drink that spread to Arabia and then throughout the
world
• Africa used plants with salicylic acid for pain (aspirin) and for diarrhea (Kaopectate).
• They are also highly advanced in medicine such operating autopsies and caesarian.
• The technology involved experimentation in drainage, construction of polders, desalination,
and irrigation. Evidence in 1978 suggests that they already mastered making steels.