CITATION OF REVIEW OF RELATED

LITERATURE
OBJECTIVES

AT THE END OF THE LESSONS, YOU ARE EXPECTED TO:

1. DEFINE WHAT CITATION IS;

2. ENUMERATE IMPORTANCE OF CITATION IN REVIEW OF

RELATED LITERATURE (RRL);

3. DIFFERENTIATE EACH OF THE STYLES OF CITATION WITH

ONE ANOTHER; AND

4. CRAFT THE RRL CHAPTER FOLLOWING THE FORMATTING

GUIDELINES FOR CITATION AND REFERENCING PAGE USING

THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) STYLE.
WHAT I KNOW

READ EACH QUESTION CAREFULLY AND CHOOSE THE

CORRECT LETTER OF THE BEST ANSWER. WRITE YOUR
ANSWERS ON YOUR NOTEBOOK.

1. IF THE RESEARCHER FAILED TO CITE THE SOURCE OF

THE INFORMATION HE/SHE HAVE PUT ON HER
MANUSCRIPT, THE RESEARCHER WILL BE CHARGED OF

A.CITATION C. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

B. REFERENCING D. PLAGIARISM
2. IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION, BUSINESS, AND
COMMUNICATION, WHAT CITATION STYLE WILL THEY
USE?

A. MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION

B. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
C. CHICAGO STYLE
D. TURABIAN STYLE

3. THIS IS WHERE THE RESEARCHER TELLS TO HER

TARGET READERS THAT THE INFORMATION THAT ARE IN
HIS MANUSCRIPT CAME FROM ANOTHER AUTHOR OR
ANOTHER SOURCE.

A. CITATION C. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

B. REFERENCING D. PLAGIARISM
4. WHAT CITATION STYLE CAN WE USE IF WE BELONG IN THE
FIELD OF HUMANITIES?

A. MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION

C. CHICAGO STYLE
B. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
D. TURABIAN STYLE

5. IN WHAT CITATION STYLE, DO THE NOTES AND

BIBLIOGRAPHY STYLE BELONG?

A. MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION

B. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
C. CHICAGO STYLE
D. TURABIAN STYLE
LESSON 1

DEFINITION, IMPORTANCE, AND STYLES OF CITATION

AS A RESEARCHER, EVERYONE IS RESPONSIBLE IN

TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF
CRAFTING HER ACADEMIC PAPER. A STUDENT-
RESEARCHER MUST TAKE INTO MIND THAT ETHICAL
CONSIDERATIONS MUST BE DONE IN ORDER TO AVOID
PLAGIARISM.

PLAGIARISM IS UNETHICAL PRACTICE OF USING

WORDS OR IDEAS (EITHER PLANNED AND ACCIDENTAL) OF
ANOTHER AUTHOR/ RESEARCHER OR YOUR OWN
PREVIOUS WORKS WITHOUT PROPER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.
WHAT’S IN

WRITE TRUE IF THE STATEMENT IS CORRECT AND FALSE

IF OTHERWISE. WRITE YOUR ANSWERS ON YOUR
NOTEBOOK.

1. A GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW MAY CONSIST OF

SIMPLY A SUMMARY OF KEY SOURCES.

2. A LITERATURE REVIEW HAS AN ORGANIZATIONAL

PATTERN AND COMMONLY COMBINES THE SUMMARY
AND SYNTHESIS OFTEN WITHIN THE SPECIFIC
CONCEPTUAL CATEGORIES.
3. A LITERATURE REVIEW IS PLAINLY INCLUDED ON
YOUR THESIS OR RESEARCH PAPER AS TO MAKE YOUR
MANUSCRIPT BULKY.

4. A LITERATURE REVIEW IS DESIGNED FOR YOU TO

PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF SOURCES YOU HAVE
EXPLORED WHILE RESEARCHING A PARTICULAR TOPIC.

5. A GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW IN YOUR STUDY

PROVIDES YOUR READERS HOW YOUR RESEARCH FITS
WITHIN A LARGER FIELD OF STUDY.
WHAT IS IT

WHAT IS CITATION?

A CITATION ARE SET OF RULES ON HOW TO CITE

SOURCES IN AN ACADEMIC WRITING. WHENEVER YOU
REFER TO SOMEONE ELSE’S WORK, A CITATION IS
REQUIRED IN ORDER TO AVOID PLAGIARISM (SWAEN,2015).
IN ADDITION, CITATION IS REFERRED TO AS, THE WAY YOU
TELL YOUR READERS THAT A CERTAIN MATERIAL IN YOUR
WORK CAME FROM ANOTHER SOURCE. IT WILL GIVE THE
READERS THE INFORMATION NECESSARY TO FIND THAT
SOURCE AGAIN (TURNITIN, 2017).
 AS YOU ARE WRITING YOUR STUDY’S REVIEW
OF RELATED LITERATURE CHAPTER, IT IS JUST
AND RIGHT TO GIVE CREDITS TO THE ORIGINAL
AUTHOR/AUTHORS IN ORDER FOR YOU TO AVOID
PLAGIARISM.

BELOW ARE THE OTHER REASONS THAT YOU

NEED TO BEAR IN MIND WHILE CRAFTING AND
COMPLETING YOUR CHAPTER II.
THE IMPORTANCE OF CITATION

1. IT IS HELPFUL FOR ANYONE WHO WANTS TO FIND OUT

MORE ABOUT YOUR IDEAS AND WHERE THEY CAME
FROM.

2. CITING SOURCES SHOWS THE AMOUNT OF RESEARCH

YOU’VE DONE.

3. CITING SOURCES STRENGTHENS YOUR WORK BY

LENDING OUTSIDE SUPPORT TO YOUR IDEAS.

4. IT IS A BASIS OF AUTHENTICITY OF ONE’S STUDY.

5. IT ENSURES THE ETHICAL AND ACADEMIC HONESTY
OF SOMEONE’S WORK.

6. IT REVEALS THE SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND

KNOWLEDGE.

7. IT SERVED AS A LEGAL BASIS IN CRAFTING THE

BODY OF YOUR STUDY.

THOSE ARE SOME OF THE IMPORTANCE OF CITING

SOURCES WHILE YOU ARE WORKING AND CRAFTING
YOUR REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE CHAPTER.
REMEMBER!

A SIMPLE MENTION OF OTHER’S WORK, OR EVEN A PART OF

THEIR WORK MAY BE PARAPHRASED OR MAY DIRECTLY COPIED
ON THE BODY OF YOUR ACADEMIC PAPER IS VERY IMPORTANT.

MOREOVER, AS A STUDENT-RESEARCHER DEVELOPS HIS/HER

CAPACITY IN CHOOSING RELEVANT REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE (RRL), IT IS RIGHT FOR THEM TO KNOW THE
DIFFERENT STYLES OF CITING SOURCES.

BELOW ARE THE DIFFERENT STYLES OF CITATION IN A

RESEARCH PAPER THAT ARE COMMONLY USED FOR CITING
SOURCES ON YOUR REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.
STYLES OF CITATION USED IN AN ACADEMIC PAPER

1. MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION (MLA)

 IT IS WIDELY USED IN THE HUMANITIES SUCH AS IN

THE FIELDS OF ENGLISH, LITERATURES, ARTS, AND
PHILOSOPHY. IT USES BRIEF PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS
IN THE TEXT THAT REFERS TO AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF
WORK CITED APPEARING AT THE END OF THE WORK.

THESE ARE THE EXAMPLES OF MLA STYLE OF

CITATION WHEN IT COMES TO A BOOK AS A SOURCE OF
THE RESEARCHER’S REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.
2. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA)

 THIS CITATION STYLE USES AN AUTHOR-DATE

SYSTEM. IT IS WIDELY USED IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
FIELD SUCH AS ANTHROPOLOGY, BUSINESS,
COMMUNICATION, EDUCATION, POLITICAL SCIENCE,
AND PSYCHOLOGY. IT USES IN-TEXT CITATION IN THE
TEXT THAT REFER TO AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF
REFERENCES APPEARING THE END OF THE WORK.

THE FOLLOWING ARE THE EXAMPLES OF CITATION IN

APA STYLE:
3. CHICAGO

 IT IS A CITATION STYLE THAT WAS INTRODUCED AND

PUBLISHED BY THE CHICAGO UNIVERSITY.

THIS STYLE SUPPORTS TWO STYLES:

3.1 NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY; AND
3.2 AUTHOR-DATE. NOTE THAT THERE ARE VARIOUS
CITATION STYLES USED BY EACH OF A SPECIFIC ACADEMIC
JOURNAL.

REMEMBER!

FOR EVERY IN-TEXT CITATION IN YOUR ACADEMIC PAPER,

THERE MUST BE A CORRESPONDING ENTRY IN YOUR
REFERENCE LIST.
WHAT’S MORE

BELOW ARE GIVEN SET OF CITATION STYLES THAT ARE

USUALLY USED BY RESEARCHER. IDENTIFY WHETHER
THE GIVEN CITATION IS AN APA, MLA, OR CHICAGO.
WRITE YOUR ANSWERS ON YOUR NOTEBOOK.

1. ACCORDING TO VOLERY AND LORD (2000) THEY

STATED THAT THERE ARE THREE DIFFERENT SUCCESS
FACTORS IN AN ONLINE LEARNING DELIVERY, NAMELY:
TECHNOLOGY, THE INSTRUCTOR, AND THE PREVIOUS
USE OF TECHNOLOGY FROM A STUDENT’S
PERSPECTIVE.
2. AS PER THE RESEARCH PAPER ENTITLED, “ONLINE
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION: A
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE” NOTED THAT
“EFFECTIVE ONLINE FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT CAN
FOSTER A LEARNER AND ASSESSMENT-CENTERED FOCUS
THROUGH FORMATIVE FEEDBACK AND ENHANCED
LEARNER ENGAGEMENT WITH VALUABLE LEARNING
EXPERIENCES”(GIKANDI, MORROW,DAVIS 1).

3. GIKANDI ET.AL.(2011) STATED THAT AN EFFECTIVE

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT CAN FOSTER A LEARNER AND
ASSESSMENT-CENTERED FOCUS THROUGH FORMATIVE
FEEDBACK AND ENHANCED LEARNER ENGAGEMENT
WITH VALUABLE LEARNING EXPERIENCES.
4. IT WAS NOTED IN THE STUDY THAT THERE ARE THREE
DIFFERENT SUCCESS FACTORS IN AN ONLINE DELIVERY
WHICH COMPRISES OF THE FOLLOWING: TECHNOLOGY,
THE INSTRUCTOR, AND THE PREVIOUS USE OF
TECHNOLOGY FROM STUDENT’S PERSPECTIVE (VOLERY &
LORD, 2000).

5. IN THE STUDY ENTITLED, “INTEGRATING COMPUTER-

BASED AND TEACHER-BASED SCAFFOLDS IN SCIENCE
INQUIRY”, APPEARED THAT STUDENTS WHO USED
CONTINUOUS COMPUTER-BASED PROCEDURAL
SCAFFOLDING WITH EARLY TEACHER-BASED
METACOGNITIVE SCAFFOLDING PERFORMED BEST IN
ACQUIRING SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY SKILLS (WU & PEDERSEN,
2011).
LESSON 2

THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA)

FORMAT OF REFERENCING

THIS LESSON IS THE CONTINUATION OF THE

PREVIOUSLY DISCUSSED TOPIC NAMED, DEFINITION,
IMPORTANCE, AND STYLES OF CITATION. IN THIS
JUNCTURE, YOU WILL BE ABLE TO CRAFT THE LIST OF
YOUR REFERENCES USING THE APA FORMAT OF
REFERENCING.
WHAT IS IT
AFTER KNOWING THE FORMAT OF CITING A
SOURCE FOR YOUR RESEARCH PAPER USING AN
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) STYLE.
YOU ARE NOW READY TO LEARN THE LESSON ABOUT
APA REFERENCING.
IN CRAFTING YOUR RESEARCH PAPER, YOU ARE
GOING TO FOLLOW THE APA FORMAT OF REFERENCING
AND CITATION BECAUSE YOU ARE IN THE EDUCATION
SECTOR AND YOU ARE UNDER THE UMBRELLA OF FIELD
OF SOCIAL SCIENCES.
THE REFERENCING ALWAYS GO TOGETHER
WHENEVER YOU CITED NEW SOURCES OF IDEAS, FACTS,
AND CONCEPTS ON YOUR RESEARCH PAPER.
 FIGURE 1 SHOWS SOME CITATIONS THAT
ARE IN THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION (APA) STYLE. THERE ARE THREE
DIFFERENT SOURCES THAT WERE INCLUDED IN
THE MANUSCRIPT WHICH ENTITLED, THE
ONLINE DISTANCE LEARNING: AN IMPACT TO
STUDENTS PERFORMANCE.

ALWAYS BE REMINDED THAT CITATION AND

REFERENCE LIST ALWAYS GO TOGETHER.
 AFTER READING AND OBSERVING THE INFORMATION
NOTED IN FIGURE 1 AND FIGURE 2, IT SHOWS THAT THE
ARRANGEMENT OF THE LIST OF REFERENCES IN FIGURE 2
FOLLOWS THE AUTHOR-DATE CITATIONS FOUND AT FIGURE
1. FOR EXAMPLE, IN FIGURE 1 IT IS NOTICEABLE THAT
PANIGHARI ET.AL. (2018) WAS THE FIRST SOURCE OF THE
RESEARCHER.

THEN, IT WAS FOLLOWED BY PICCIANO (2002) AND

LASTLY, SALAMAT ET.AL. (2018). MOREOVER, AS IT IS
GLEANED ON FIGURE 2 THAT THE ENTRIES IN THE LIST OF
REFERENCES FOLLOWS THE ARRANGEMENT ON HOW THE
RESEARCHER OF THE ONLINE DISTANCE LEARNING: AN
IMPACT TO STUDENTS PERFORMANCE CITED ALL OF HER
SOURCES.
WHAT IS AN AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
(APA) REFERENCING?

APA IS THE STYLE OF DOCUMENTATION OF SOURCES

USED BY THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.
THIS FORM OF WRITING RESEARCH PAPERS IS USED
MAINLY IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES, LIKE PSYCHOLOGY,
ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, AS WELL AS EDUCATION
AND OTHER FIELDS.
THIS STYLE OF REFERENCING IS USED OFTEN
WHENEVER YOU SUMMARIZE, PARAPHRASE, OR QUOTE
INFORMATION FROM ANOTHER SOURCE, SUCH AS:
PASSAGES FROM BOOKS, OR ARTICLES IN AN ACADEMIC
JOURNAL.
 THE REFERENCE PAGE LISTS ALL THE SOURCES YOU
HAVE CITED IN YOUR PAPER OR MANUSCRIPT. IT IS
COMMONLY HAS ITS FOUR MAIN COMPONENTS SUCH AS:
THE AUTHOR’S NAME, DATE, TITLE, AND SOURCE. IT
ALSO ALLOWS THE RESEARCHER RECOGNIZED THE
CONTRIBUTION OF OTHER WRITERS AND RESEARCHERS
IN YOUR MANUSCRIPT.
MEANWHILE, A BIBLIOGRAPHY HELPS THE
RESEARCHER KEEP TRACK OF THE SOURCES THEY
CONSULTED OR CITED FOR THEIR WRITTEN MATERIAL
AND GIVES READERS A FRAMEWORK OF HOW THE
WRITER’S ARGUMENTS WERE FORMED.
HOW WILL I CRAFT MY LIST OF REFERENCES USING THE APA
STYLE OF REFERENCING?

BELOW ARE THE VARIOUS WAYS ON HOW YOU WILL CRAFT

THE REFERENCE LIST OF YOUR RESEARCH PAPER.

1. BOOKS. THIS IS THE PATTERN THAT THE RESEARCHER MAY

FOLLOW. PATTERN:
AUTHOR’S LAST NAME, INITIAL OF FIRST NAME (YEAR OF
PUBLICATION).BOOK TITLE. CITY OF PUBLICATION:
NAME OF PUBLICATION.

EXAMPLE:

ALLEN, T. (1974).VANISHING WILDLIFE OF NORTH AMERICA.

WASHICHTON,D.C.: NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY.
2. ENCYCLOPEDIA AND DICTIONARY. BELOW IS THE
PATTERN AND EXAMPLE OF HOW WILL YOU REFERENCE
A SOURCE COMING FROM THIS.

PATTERN:

AUTHOR’S LAST NAME, INITIAL OF THE FIRST NAME

(YEAR OF PUBLICATION).TITLE OF THE
ARTICLE.TITLE OF ENCYCLOPEDIA
(VOLUME, PAGES). CITY OF
PUBLICATION. NAME OF PUBLICATION.
EXAMPLE:

BERGMANN,P.G.(1993). RELATIVITY. IN THE NEW

ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA (V.26,PP.501-
508). CHICAGO: ENCYCLOPEDIA
BRITANNICA.

EXAMPLE:

MERRIAM-WEBSTER’S COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY

(10TH ED.). (1993). SPRINGFIELD, MA: MERRIAM-
WEBSTER’S.
3. MAGAZINES AND NEWSPAPER ARTICLES. BELOW IS
THE GIVEN PATTERN OF REFERENCING FOR A SOURCE
THAT MAY CAME FROM HERE.

PATTERN:

AUTHOR’S LAST NAME, INITIAL OF THE FIRST

NAME. (YEAR OF PUBLICATION). ARTICLE
TITLE. PERIODICAL TITLE, VOLUME NUMBER
(ISSUE NUMBER IF
AVAILABLE).INCLUSIVE PAGES.
NOTE: DO NOT ENCLOSE THE TITLE WITH QUOTATION
MARKS AND PUT A PERIOS AFTER THE TITLE. IF A
PERIODICAL INCLUDES A VOLUME NUMBER, ITALIZED IT
AND THEN GIVE THE PAGE RANGE (IN REGULAR TYPE)
WITHOUT “PP.” . IF THE PERIODICAL DOES NOT USE
VOLUME NUMBERS, AS IN NEWSPAPERS, USE “P.” OR
“PP.” FOR PAGE NUMBERS.

EXAMPLE:

HARLOW,H.F. (1983). FUNDAMENTALS OF PREPARING

PSYCHOLOGY JOURNAL ARTICLES.
JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AD
PSYCHOLOGY, 55.893-896.
IT ARE WRITTEN BELOW. PATTERN FOR AN ONLINE
PERIODICAL:

AUTHOR’S NAME (DATE OF PUBLICATION). TITLE

OF ARTICLE. TITLE OF PERIODICAL, VOLUME
NUMBER, RETRIEVED MONTH DAY, YEAR,
FROM FULL URL.
EXAMPLE:

DEVITT, T. (2001,AUGUST 2). LIGHTNING INJURIES

FOR AT MUSIC FESTIVAL. THE WHY/FILES.
RETRIEVED JANUARY 23, 2002, FROM
HTTP://WHYFILES.ORG./137 LIGHTNING
/INDEX.HTML
PATTERN FOR AN ONLINE DOCUMENT: