Coordination System

Science Grade 9
Learning Objectives
• Identify motor (effector), relay (connector) and sensory neurones from diagrams.

• Describe the human nervous system in terms of:

the central nervous system consisting of brain and spinal cord

the peripheral nervous system

coordination and regulation of body functions.

• Describe a nerve impulse as an electrical signal that passes along nerve cells called neurones.

• Describe a simple reflex arc in terms of receptor, sensory neurone, relay neurone, motor neurone and effector.

• Describe a reflex action as a means of automatically and rapidly integrating and coordinating stimuli with the
responses of effectors (muscles and glands).
 1. What organ is used by the driver to detect the
hazard?
Look at this diagram! 2. What is the driver’s respond after seeing the
hazard?
Coordination
Two methods of sending messages from receptors to
effectors.
• The fastest is by means of nerves  The nervous
system.
• A slower method, but still a very important one, is by
means of chemicals called hormones  endocrine
system.
Coordination

• Organisms can detect changes in their environment.

Changes = stimuli. Detected by receptor
• The part of the body which responds to a stimulus
 Effector
• The way in which receptors pick up stimuli, and
then pass messages on to effectors  coordination
Nervous Sytems
• Neurones
• To be able to carry messages very
quickly  Nerve fibre
• Axon  longest fibre
(>1m) pass impulse to another
neurones
• Dendrons or dendrites
pick up messages from other neurones
lying nearby
Nervous Sytems

• Myelin  layer of fat

and protein
• Insulates nerve fibre 
carry impulses faster
Central Nervous System
• The brain & spinal cord : Central
nervous system, or CNS
• The brain or spinal cord receives
the impulse, and 'decides' which
effectors need to react to the
stimulus
Central Nervous System
• A complex CNS allow complex behaviour.
• Brain function are localised
• Brain is surrounded by three membranes or meninges,
which help to protect it.
• The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It is made of
two cerebral hemispheres.
• Conscious thought and memory take place in the
cerebrum.
• Different parts of the cerebrum have different functions.
• For example, some areas deal with sight, others with
speech.
• An area near the front determines some aspects of your
personality.
Exterior Parts of the Brain

• Frontal Lobes – planning &

thinking
• Temporal Lobe – sound,
speech,
• Occipital – visual processing
• Parietal lobe – orientation,
calculations
Reaction Time Experiment
• https://science-u.org/experiments/reaction-time.html
Brain
• The hypothalamus lies underneath the front
part of the cerebrum  osmoregulation
and temperature regulation
• The cerebellum is in control of
coordination of body movements, and
posture.
• The medulla oblongata, sometimes simply
known as the medulla, controls heart beat
and breathing.
Free Fall Formula

• h = ½ gt2
• h = 11.3 cm , g = 10 m/s2, t = ?
• t = sqrt of (2h/g) = sqrt of 0.0226 = 0.15 s
Reflex Arc
Watch this video
Voluntary Action vs Reflexes
Reflex Arc
 Reflex Arc
• Hand touch hot plate  impulse picked up
by sensory receptor  travels to spinal
cord along the axon of sensory neurone
• In the spinal cord, Impulse passed on to
relay neurons
• The messages travel to the effector
(muscles in arm) along the axon of motor
neuron  muscles contract  hand is
pulled away
• This sort reaction = reflex action
• The arrangement of sensory neurone, relay
neurons and motor neurone = reflex arc
Synapse connects neurones
• These small gaps are called
synapses
• Hundreds of tiny vacuoles or
vesicles.
• Contain a chemical, called
transmitter substance.
• Transmitter substance diffuses
across gap  impulse travels in
one direction
Drugs
Narkolema
Check your understanding
 Disease

• Brain tumours
- cells in the brain grow and divide uncontrollably
- or when cancer cells from other parts of the body, such as the lung or
the breast, spread to the brain.
- The tumour damages the brain and causes it to press against the skull.
- This causes symptoms such as headaches, double vision, trembling
and personality changes.
Stroke
• part of the brain does not get enough oxygen and is damaged.  blood
vessel in the brain bursts or gets a blood clot.  brain cells cannot re-
grow and permanent damage and even death can be caused.
• The symptoms are:
- numbness and poor reflexes
- difficulty in walking
- loss of speech, memory or use of limbs (usually on one side of
the body)
Parkinson's disease
caused by a reduced amount of dopamine  a chemical involved in
transmitting nerve impulses from one neurone to another in the brain. It
gradually gets worse and symptoms include:
• trembling and stiffness
• slowed movements
• difficulty speaking and swallowing
Epilepsy
sudden bursts of unusual activity in the brain. brain stop working
properly for a short time.  unconscious and their body shakes
repeatedly.